Does higher body mass index cause hypertension and or increase systolic and diastolic blood pressure:Systematic review of Mendelian randomization studies.

Introduction

Mendelian randomization an approach that uses measured variation in genes to determine the causal effect of exposure on outcomes (Davey Smith 2003). MR studies are not biased by reverse causality since genes are constant and not modified by disease edevlopment. Obesity is a major driver of cardiometabolic disorders in the general population. It has immense clinical and economic consequences including cost of medication and absenteeism from work leading to great loss incurred by employers (Apovian et al). In the past decades the prevalence of hypertension has increased. Besides, its a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and occurs alongside other cardiovascular disease risk factors to cause disease.

The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic literature review and metanalyses of MR studies to determine the causal role of Higher BMI on hypertension, systolic and diastolic blood pressure.

Methods

Literature retrieval, inclusion and exclusion criteria

We searched Medline on OvidSP for Mendelian randomization studies using the query (search terms) on 30th November 2022.

Papers were eligible for inclusion if they reported estimates from MR analysis specifically of genetically predicted adulthood BMI on hypertension, systolic or diastolic blood pressure. We excluded reviews, letters, commentary, articles of opinion and papers looking at childhood BMI.

Data extraction

We extracted and entered the data in predefined tables. From each MR study we extracted: the first author name, year of publication, title of the study, total sample size including cases and controls for binary outcomes, the exposure name, the outcome name, the number of instruments variables, the source of these SNPs, the ancestry of the study population and the causal estimates including mean difference (MD), odds ratios, beta estimates with 95% confidence intervals and standard errors where applicable.

Statistical analysis

set working directory

setwd("~/OneDrive - University of Bristol/Winfred_PhDApps/Streamlit_MRevidenceentryapp/")

Load the libraries

#install.packages('RSQLite')
#install.packages("forestly")
#devtools::install_github("elong0527/forestly")

library(RSQLite)
#library(ProjectTemplate)
#library(dplyr)
#library(dbplyr)
library(ggplot2)
library(plotly)
## 
## Attaching package: 'plotly'
## The following object is masked from 'package:ggplot2':
## 
##     last_plot
## The following object is masked from 'package:stats':
## 
##     filter
## The following object is masked from 'package:graphics':
## 
##     layout
library(gridExtra)
library(tidyverse)
## ── Attaching packages
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## tidyverse 1.3.2 ──
## ✔ tibble  3.1.6     ✔ dplyr   1.1.0
## ✔ tidyr   1.3.0     ✔ stringr 1.5.0
## ✔ readr   2.1.2     ✔ forcats 0.5.1
## ✔ purrr   1.0.1
## Warning: package 'readr' was built under R version 4.0.5
## ── Conflicts ────────────────────────────────────────── tidyverse_conflicts() ──
## ✖ dplyr::combine() masks gridExtra::combine()
## ✖ dplyr::filter()  masks plotly::filter(), stats::filter()
## ✖ dplyr::lag()     masks stats::lag()
#library(forestploter)
library(grid)
library(stringr)
#library(stargazer)
library(janitor)
## 
## Attaching package: 'janitor'
## 
## The following objects are masked from 'package:stats':
## 
##     chisq.test, fisher.test
library(skimr)
library(metafor)
## Loading required package: Matrix
## Warning: package 'Matrix' was built under R version 4.0.5
## 
## Attaching package: 'Matrix'
## 
## The following objects are masked from 'package:tidyr':
## 
##     expand, pack, unpack
## 
## Loading required package: metadat
## Warning: package 'metadat' was built under R version 4.0.5
## 
## Loading the 'metafor' package (version 3.4-0). For an
## introduction to the package please type: help(metafor)
#library(glimpse)
getwd()
## [1] "/Users/qb21134/Library/CloudStorage/OneDrive-UniversityofBristol/Winfred_PhDApps/Streamlit_MRevidenceentryapp"
#create.project(project.name = "mr_evidence_dataanalysis_04_2023",template = "minimal")

Data preparation

#Read in the data from the updated database
con <- dbConnect(SQLite(),'Mr_EvidenceDB_30_03_2023')
#list tables
dbListTables(con) #list down the tables
## [1] "effectsizetype" "exposure"       "methods"        "outcome"       
## [5] "results"        "study"          "studynotes"
results <- tbl(con, 'results')
colnames(results)
##  [1] "results_id"        "pmid"              "methodid"         
##  [4] "effectsize"        "lowerinterval"     "upperinterval"    
##  [7] "pvalue"            "se"                "exposureid"       
## [10] "outcomeid"         "effectsizetype_id" "strata"
results <- data.frame(results)
#rename the columns
colnames(results) <- c("results_id","pmid","methodid","effectsize","lowerinterval",
                       "upperinterval", "pvalue","exposureid", "outcomeid", 
                       "effectsizetype_id","se","strata" )

#results
#exposure
exposure <- tbl(con, 'exposure')
exposure <- data.frame(exposure)
colnames(exposure) #<- c("exposurename","exposureid")
## [1] "Exposureid_resultsid" "exposureid"           "exposurename"        
## [4] "exposuremeasured"     "resultsid"            "exposurenotes"
#exposure
#outcome
outcome <- tbl(con, 'outcome')
outcome <- data.frame(outcome)
colnames(outcome) #<- c("outcomename","outcomeid") #rename the columns
## [1] "outcomeid_resultsid"     "outcomeid"              
## [3] "outcomename"             "outcomemeasured"        
## [5] "resultsid"               "totalsamplesize_outcome"
## [7] "X.cases_outcome"         "control_outcome"        
## [9] "outcomenotes"
#outcome
#methods
methods <- tbl(con, 'methods')
methods <- data.frame(methods)
colnames(methods) <- c("methodname","methodid") #rename the columns
#methods
#study
study <- tbl(con,'study')
study <- data.frame(study)
#study
#study notes
study_notes <- tbl(con,'studynotes')
study_notes <- data.frame(study_notes)
#study_notes
colnames(study_notes) <- c("notesid","pmid", "no_ofIVs","analysistype", "resultsid","unitsofmeasurement","notes")
#effectsizetype
effectsizetype <- tbl(con,'effectsizetype')
effectsizetype <- data.frame(effectsizetype)
#effectsizetype
#merge results table with effectsizetype tables
results_effectsizetype <- merge(results,effectsizetype,by.x = "effectsizetype_id", by.y = "id")
results_effectsizetype_methods <- merge(results_effectsizetype,methods, by.x="methodid",by.y = "methodid")
#results_effectsizetype_methods
#merging two dataframes results_effectsizetype_methods and exposure
results_effectsizetype_methods_exp <- merge(results_effectsizetype_methods, exposure,by.x = "results_id",by.y = "resultsid")
#merge the above dataframe and outcome
results_effectsizetype_methods_exp_out <- merge(results_effectsizetype_methods_exp,outcome, by.x = "results_id",by.y = "resultsid")
#merge with study notes
results_effectsizetype_methods_exp_out_studynotes <- merge(results_effectsizetype_methods_exp_out,study_notes,by.x = "results_id",by.y="resultsid")
#merge with study table
results_effectsizetype_methods_exp_out_studynotes_study <- merge(results_effectsizetype_methods_exp_out_studynotes,study, by.x = "pmid.y",by.y = "pmid")
mydata <- results_effectsizetype_methods_exp_out_studynotes_study

#make a unique column to takeup the y-axis
mydata$UID <- paste(mydata$author,mydata$pmid.x,mydata$year,mydata$results_id, sep = "_")

#Make a unique column with additonal study characteristics for annotating the forest plot
mydata$annotation <- paste(mydata$outcomemeasured,mydata$exposurenotes, mydata$outcomenotes,mydata$exposuremeasured,mydata$analysistype,
                           mydata$unitsofmeasurement,mydata$notes, sep = ",")
#write.table(x=mydata,"./mydata_excel.csv",sep = ",",col.names = TRUE,row.names = FALSE)
#slice_sample(mydata) #see a saple of random rows in random order
skim(mydata) #summarize the dataframe
Data summary
Name mydata
Number of rows 147
Number of columns 46
_______________________
Column type frequency:
character 31
numeric 15
________________________
Group variables None

Variable type: character

skim_variable n_missing complete_rate min max empty n_unique whitespace
results_id 0 1 2 4 0 147 0
methodid 0 1 2 3 0 10 0
effectsizetype_id 0 1 3 3 0 4 0
exposureid.x 0 1 2 2 0 3 0
outcomeid.x 0 1 2 2 0 5 0
se 0 1 3 5 0 23 0
strata 0 1 0 57 126 20 0
effectsizetype 0 1 2 14 0 4 0
methodname 0 1 3 21 0 10 0
Exposureid_resultsid 0 1 5 7 0 147 0
exposureid.y 0 1 2 2 0 3 0
exposurename 0 1 3 4 0 3 0
exposuremeasured 0 1 0 189 3 38 0
exposurenotes 0 1 5 9 0 2 0
outcomeid_resultsid 0 1 5 7 0 147 0
outcomeid.y 0 1 2 2 0 5 0
outcomename 0 1 3 26 0 5 0
outcomemeasured 0 1 0 185 86 46 0
outcomenotes 0 1 0 43 1 21 0
notesid 0 1 2 4 0 147 0
no_ofIVs 0 1 1 3 0 34 0
analysistype 0 1 4 11 0 3 0
unitsofmeasurement 0 1 0 102 16 85 0
notes 0 1 0 212 8 130 0
title 0 1 80 165 0 28 0
studyaim 0 1 54 160 0 28 0
population 0 1 3 10 0 3 0
sex 0 1 4 6 0 2 0
author 0 1 10 31 0 25 0
UID 0 1 29 49 0 147 0
annotation 0 1 66 536 0 144 0

Variable type: numeric

skim_variable n_missing complete_rate mean sd p0 p25 p50 p75 p100 hist
pmid.y 0 1 32135067.81 3408389.13 19470880.00 31348509.50 33323262.00 34120448.00 35947639.00 ▁▁▁▂▇
pmid.x 0 1 32135067.81 3408389.13 19470880.00 31348509.50 33323262.00 34120448.00 35947639.00 ▁▁▁▂▇
effectsize 0 1 1.37 2.30 -1.11 0.24 1.08 1.38 15.53 ▇▁▁▁▁
lowerinterval 0 1 0.69 1.39 -1.80 0.00 0.21 1.14 13.91 ▇▁▁▁▁
upperinterval 0 1 1.31 2.07 0.00 0.27 1.08 1.56 17.14 ▇▁▁▁▁
pvalue 0 1 0.07 0.18 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.93 ▇▁▁▁▁
totalsamplesize_outcome 0 1 105092.34 156741.00 0.00 1383.50 29247.00 135585.00 553225.00 ▇▁▁▁▁
X.cases_outcome 0 1 17027.68 34905.62 0.00 0.00 0.00 10125.00 199731.00 ▇▂▁▁▁
control_outcome 0 1 65951.59 129427.58 0.00 0.00 0.00 74345.00 482997.00 ▇▁▁▁▁
mean_age 0 1 3.31 13.19 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 60.00 ▇▁▁▁▁
median_age 0 1 1.16 8.07 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 56.87 ▇▁▁▁▁
lower_age 0 1 2.03 8.28 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 40.00 ▇▁▁▁▁
upper_age 0 1 4.78 19.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 ▇▁▁▁▁
year 0 1 2019.53 2.61 2009.00 2019.00 2021.00 2021.00 2022.00 ▁▁▁▂▇
samplesize 0 1 184760.80 190867.39 0.00 38662.00 67553.00 337536.00 553225.00 ▇▁▂▂▂
summary(mydata)
##      pmid.y          results_id          methodid         effectsizetype_id 
##  Min.   :19470880   Length:147         Length:147         Length:147        
##  1st Qu.:31348510   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
##  Median :33323262   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
##  Mean   :32135068                                                           
##  3rd Qu.:34120448                                                           
##  Max.   :35947639                                                           
##      pmid.x           effectsize      lowerinterval     upperinterval    
##  Min.   :19470880   Min.   :-1.1090   Min.   :-1.8000   Min.   : 0.0000  
##  1st Qu.:31348510   1st Qu.: 0.2445   1st Qu.: 0.0000   1st Qu.: 0.2745  
##  Median :33323262   Median : 1.0800   Median : 0.2100   Median : 1.0850  
##  Mean   :32135068   Mean   : 1.3742   Mean   : 0.6867   Mean   : 1.3089  
##  3rd Qu.:34120448   3rd Qu.: 1.3850   3rd Qu.: 1.1400   3rd Qu.: 1.5550  
##  Max.   :35947639   Max.   :15.5270   Max.   :13.9090   Max.   :17.1440  
##      pvalue        exposureid.x       outcomeid.x             se           
##  Min.   :0.00000   Length:147         Length:147         Length:147        
##  1st Qu.:0.00000   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
##  Median :0.00001   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
##  Mean   :0.06977                                                           
##  3rd Qu.:0.01660                                                           
##  Max.   :0.93000                                                           
##     strata          effectsizetype      methodname        Exposureid_resultsid
##  Length:147         Length:147         Length:147         Length:147          
##  Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character    
##  Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character    
##                                                                               
##                                                                               
##                                                                               
##  exposureid.y       exposurename       exposuremeasured   exposurenotes     
##  Length:147         Length:147         Length:147         Length:147        
##  Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
##  Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
##                                                                             
##                                                                             
##                                                                             
##  outcomeid_resultsid outcomeid.y        outcomename        outcomemeasured   
##  Length:147          Length:147         Length:147         Length:147        
##  Class :character    Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
##  Mode  :character    Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
##                                                                              
##                                                                              
##                                                                              
##  totalsamplesize_outcome X.cases_outcome  control_outcome  outcomenotes      
##  Min.   :     0          Min.   :     0   Min.   :     0   Length:147        
##  1st Qu.:  1384          1st Qu.:     0   1st Qu.:     0   Class :character  
##  Median : 29247          Median :     0   Median :     0   Mode  :character  
##  Mean   :105092          Mean   : 17028   Mean   : 65952                     
##  3rd Qu.:135585          3rd Qu.: 10125   3rd Qu.: 74345                     
##  Max.   :553225          Max.   :199731   Max.   :482997                     
##    notesid            no_ofIVs         analysistype       unitsofmeasurement
##  Length:147         Length:147         Length:147         Length:147        
##  Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
##  Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
##                                                                             
##                                                                             
##                                                                             
##     notes              title             studyaim          population       
##  Length:147         Length:147         Length:147         Length:147        
##  Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
##  Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
##                                                                             
##                                                                             
##                                                                             
##      sex               mean_age        median_age       lower_age     
##  Length:147         Min.   : 0.000   Min.   : 0.000   Min.   : 0.000  
##  Class :character   1st Qu.: 0.000   1st Qu.: 0.000   1st Qu.: 0.000  
##  Mode  :character   Median : 0.000   Median : 0.000   Median : 0.000  
##                     Mean   : 3.314   Mean   : 1.161   Mean   : 2.034  
##                     3rd Qu.: 0.000   3rd Qu.: 0.000   3rd Qu.: 0.000  
##                     Max.   :60.000   Max.   :56.870   Max.   :40.000  
##    upper_age            year        samplesize        author         
##  Min.   :  0.000   Min.   :2009   Min.   :     0   Length:147        
##  1st Qu.:  0.000   1st Qu.:2019   1st Qu.: 38662   Class :character  
##  Median :  0.000   Median :2021   Median : 67553   Mode  :character  
##  Mean   :  4.782   Mean   :2020   Mean   :184761                     
##  3rd Qu.:  0.000   3rd Qu.:2021   3rd Qu.:337536                     
##  Max.   :100.000   Max.   :2022   Max.   :553225                     
##      UID             annotation       
##  Length:147         Length:147        
##  Class :character   Class :character  
##  Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
##                                       
##                                       
## 
library(metafor)
library(tidyverse)
dat1 <- read.csv("mydata_excel_updated.csv",header = TRUE) #read in the data

#make a unique id without results id
#make a unique column to takeup the y-axis
dat1$ID <- paste(dat1$author,dat1$pmid.y,dat1$year, sep = "_")
dat1
##       pmid.y results_id AnalysisType OUTCOMEID       EXPOSURE NO_ofIVs methodid
## 1   19470880        R57         Main        O2            BMI        2      M10
## 2   19470880        R58  sensitivity        O3            BMI        2      M10
## 3   23824655         R3         Main        O3            BMI        1       M5
## 4   23824655         R4         Main        O2            BMI        1       M5
## 5   23824655         R2  sensitivity        O1            BMI        1       M5
## 6   23824655         R1         Main        O1            BMI        1       M5
## 7   24462370        R92         Main        O2            BMI       14       M5
## 8   24462370        R93         Main        O3            BMI       14       M5
## 9   25712996        R77         Main        O3            BMI       32       M5
## 10  25712996        R79  sensitivity        O3            BMI       32       M5
## 11  25712996        R80  sensitivity        O3            BMI       32       M5
## 12  25712996        R81  sensitivity        O2            BMI       32       M5
## 13  25712996        R82  sensitivity        O2            BMI       32       M5
## 14  25712996        R83  sensitivity        O3            BMI       32       M5
## 15  25712996        R84  sensitivity        O2            BMI       32       M5
## 16  25712996        R78         Main        O2            BMI       32       M5
## 17  25712996        R86  sensitivity        O2            BMI       32       M5
## 18  25712996        R85  sensitivity        O3            BMI       32       M5
## 19  26568383         R7  sensitivity        O2            BMI        1      M10
## 20  26568383         R5         Main        O2            BMI       32      M10
## 21  26568383         R6  sensitivity        O2            BMI       31      M10
## 22  28678979        R44  sensitivity        O3            BMI       93      M10
## 23  28678979        R43  sensitivity        O2            BMI       93      M10
## 24  28678979        R42         Main        O1            BMI       93      M10
## 25  30045251       R108         Main        O1            BMI        2       M5
## 26  30045251       R109         Main        O1            BMI        2       M5
## 27  30462199        R74  sensitivity        O2            BMI       96       M4
## 28  30462199        R76  sensitivity        O2            BMI       96       M2
## 29  30462199        R73         Main        O2            BMI       96       M1
## 30  30462199        R75  sensitivity        O2            BMI       96       M8
## 31  30707692        R59         Main        O1            BMI       97       M1
## 32  31195408        R64  sensitivity        O1            BMI       96       M2
## 33  31195408        R65  sensitivity        O1            BMI       96       M4
## 34  31195408        R67  sensitivity        O1 Fat mass index       82       M6
## 35  31195408        R63         Main        O1            BMI       96       M1
## 36  31195408        R68  sensitivity        O1 Fat mass index       82       M6
## 37  31195408        R66  sensitivity        O1            BMI       96      M11
## 38  31501611        R10  sensitivity        O1            VAT       44      M10
## 39  31501611         R8         Main        O1            VAT       44       M1
## 40  31501611        R11  sensitivity        O1            VAT       44      M10
## 41  31501611         R9         Main        O1            VAT       44       M1
## 42  31708716        R41         Main        O3            BMI       96      M10
## 43  32636122       R123         Main        O3            WHR        5      M10
## 44  32636122       R121         Main        O2            WHR        5      M10
## 45  32636122       R122         Main        O3            BMI        5      M10
## 46  32636122       R120         Main        O2            BMI        5      M10
## 47  32665587        R15  sensitivity        O1            BMI       79      M10
## 48  32665587        R14         Main        O1            BMI       79      M10
## 49  32665587        R19  sensitivity        O1            BMI       79       M3
## 50  32665587        R20  sensitivity        O1            BMI       79       M4
## 51  32665587        R21  sensitivity        O1            BMI       64       M1
## 52  32665587        R22  sensitivity        O1            BMI       64       M2
## 53  32665587        R17  sensitivity        O1            BMI       79       M1
## 54  32665587        R16  sensitivity        O1            BMI       79       M1
## 55  32665587        R23  sensitivity        O1            BMI       64       M3
## 56  32665587        R18  sensitivity        O1            BMI       79       M2
## 57  32665587        R13         Main        O1            BMI       79      M10
## 58  32665587        R24  sensitivity        O1            BMI       64       M4
## 59  32712226       R124         Main        O4            BMI       64       M1
## 60  33131310        R47         Main        O1            BMI      812       M1
## 61  33131310        R51  sensitivity        O1            BMI      810      M11
## 62  33131310        R54  sensitivity        O1            BMI      832       M4
## 63  33131310        R55  sensitivity        O1            BMI      816      M11
## 64  33131310        R52  sensitivity        O1            BMI      832       M1
## 65  33131310        R49  sensitivity        O1            BMI      812       M2
## 66  33131310        R50  sensitivity        O1            BMI      812       M4
## 67  33131310        R48  sensitivity        O1            BMI      812       M1
## 68  33131310        R56  sensitivity        O1            BMI      832       M1
## 69  33131310        R53  sensitivity        O1            BMI      832       M2
## 70  33323262        R88  sensitivity        O1            BMI       76       M2
## 71  33323262        R91  sensitivity        O1            BMI       59      M11
## 72  33323262        R89  sensitivity        O1            BMI       76       M3
## 73  33323262        R90  sensitivity        O1            BMI       76       M4
## 74  33323262        R87         Main        O1            BMI       76       M1
## 75  33771188        R27  sensitivity        O1            BMI       13       M3
## 76  33771188        R29  sensitivity        O1            BMI       13       M1
## 77  33771188        R30  sensitivity        O1            BMI       13       M2
## 78  33771188        R35  sensitivity        O1            BMI       76       M3
## 79  33771188        R32  sensitivity        O1            BMI       13       M4
## 80  33771188        R33  sensitivity        O1            BMI       76       M1
## 81  33771188        R34  sensitivity        O1            BMI       76       M2
## 82  33771188        R39  sensitivity        O1            BMI       76       M3
## 83  33771188        R28  sensitivity        O1            BMI       13       M4
## 84  33771188        R40  sensitivity        O1            BMI       76       M4
## 85  33771188        R38  sensitivity        O1            BMI       76       M2
## 86  33771188        R25  sensitivity        O1            BMI       13       M1
## 87  33771188        R31  sensitivity        O1            BMI       13       M3
## 88  33771188        R36  sensitivity        O1            BMI       76       M4
## 89  33771188        R37  sensitivity        O1            BMI       76       M1
## 90  33771188        R26  sensitivity        O1            BMI       13       M2
## 91  33980691       R101         Main        O1      body fat%       38       M2
## 92  33980691        R99  sensitivity        O1    bodyfat%-FA       36       M1
## 93  33980691        R96         Main        O1      body fat%       38       M1
## 94  33980691       R106  sensitivity        O1      body fat%       36       M4
## 95  33980691       R107  sensitivity        O1    bodyfat%-FA       36       M2
## 96  33980691       R103  sensitivity        O1      body fat%       36       M2
## 97  33980691       R100  sensitivity        O1      body fat%       38       M4
## 98  33980691        R98         Main        O1      body fat%       38       M1
## 99  33980691       R102  sensitivity        O1      body fat%       36       M4
## 100 33980691       R105  sensitivity        O1      body fat%       38       M2
## 101 33980691        R97         Main        O1      body fat%       36       M1
## 102 33980691       R104  sensitivity        O1      body fat%       38       M4
## 103 34001814       R112         Main        O1            BMI       16       M1
## 104 34001814       R111  sensitivity        O1            BMI        7       M2
## 105 34001814       R110         Main        O1            BMI        7       M1
## 106 34001814       R113  sensitivity        O1            BMI       16       M2
## 107 34120448       R130  sensitivity        O2            WHR      324      M10
## 108 34120448       R128  sensitivity        O2            VAT      208      M10
## 109 34120448       R132  sensitivity        O2            VAT      208      M10
## 110 34120448       R125         Main        O2            BMI      565      M10
## 111 34120448       R138  sensitivity        O3            WHR      324      M10
## 112 34120448       R131  sensitivity        O2      body fat%       81      M10
## 113 34120448       R127  sensitivity        O2      body fat%       81      M10
## 114 34120448       R129         Main        O2            BMI      565      M10
## 115 34120448       R141  sensitivity        O2            BMI      565      M10
## 116 34120448       R142  sensitivity        O2            WHR      324      M10
## 117 34120448       R143  sensitivity        O2      body fat%       81      M10
## 118 34120448       R144  sensitivity        O2            BMI      208      M10
## 119 34120448       R133         Main        O3            BMI      565      M10
## 120 34120448       R134  sensitivity        O3            WHR      324      M10
## 121 34120448       R135  sensitivity        O3      body fat%       81      M10
## 122 34120448       R136  sensitivity        O3            VAT      208      M10
## 123 34120448       R148  sensitivity        O3            VAT      208      M10
## 124 34120448       R137         Main        O3            BMI      565      M10
## 125 34120448       R139  sensitivity        O3      body fat%       81      M10
## 126 34120448       R147  sensitivity        O3      body fat%       81      M10
## 127 34120448       R140         Main        O3            VAT      208      M10
## 128 34120448       R146  sensitivity        O3            WHR      324      M10
## 129 34120448       R145  sensitivity        O3            BMI      565      M10
## 130 34465205        R95         Main        O1            BMI      295       M1
## 131 35074047        R71  sensitivity        O1    bodyfat%-FA       36       M1
## 132 35074047        R69         Main        O1            BMI       73       M1
## 133 35074047        R72  sensitivity        O1   bodyfat%-UFA       38       M1
## 134 35074047        R70  sensitivity        O1      bodyfat%       696       M1
## 135 35232963        R12         Main        O3            BMI       93      M10
## 136 35599089       R116  sensitivity        O2      fat mass%        4      M10
## 137 35599089       R115  sensitivity        O2           WHtR        4      M10
## 138 35599089       R114         Main        O2            BMI        4      M10
## 139 35599089       R119  sensitivity        O3      fat mass%        4      M10
## 140 35599089       R118  sensitivity        O3           WHtR        4      M10
## 141 35599089       R117         Main        O3            BMI        4      M10
## 142 35656995        R94         Main        O6            BMI        0       M1
## 143 35694671        R62  sensitivity        O1            BMI       14       M4
## 144 35694671        R61  sensitivity        O1            BMI       14       M2
## 145 35694671        R60         Main        O1            BMI       14       M1
## 146 35947639        R45         Main        O2            BMI       95      M10
## 147 35947639        R46  sensitivity        O2            BMI       95       M9
##                             GWASofexposure effectsizetype_id
## 1                                                        ID4
## 2                                                        ID4
## 3   Metaanalysis of17 GWAs(SD = 4.62kg/m2)               ID4
## 4   Metaanalysis of17 GWAs(SD = 4.62kg/m2)               ID4
## 5   Metaanalysis of17 GWAs(SD = 4.62kg/m2)               ID1
## 6   Metaanalysis of17 GWAs(SD = 4.62kg/m2)               ID1
## 7                                                        ID4
## 8                                                        ID4
## 9                                                        ID4
## 10                                                       ID4
## 11                                                       ID4
## 12                                                       ID4
## 13                                                       ID4
## 14                                                       ID4
## 15                                                       ID4
## 16                                                       ID4
## 17                                                       ID4
## 18                                                       ID4
## 19                                                       ID2
## 20                                                       ID2
## 21                                                       ID2
## 22                                                       ID4
## 23                                                       ID4
## 24                                                       ID1
## 25                                                       ID1
## 26                                                       ID1
## 27                                                       ID4
## 28                                                       ID4
## 29                                                       ID4
## 30                                                       ID4
## 31                                                       ID1
## 32                                                       ID1
## 33                                                       ID1
## 34                                                       ID1
## 35                                                       ID1
## 36                                                       ID1
## 37                                                       ID1
## 38                                                       ID1
## 39                                                       ID1
## 40                                                       ID1
## 41                                                       ID1
## 42                                                       ID4
## 43                                                       ID4
## 44                                                       ID4
## 45                                                       ID4
## 46                                                       ID4
## 47                                                       ID5
## 48                                                       ID5
## 49                                                       ID5
## 50                                                       ID5
## 51                                                       ID5
## 52                                                       ID5
## 53                                                       ID5
## 54                                                       ID5
## 55                                                       ID5
## 56                                                       ID5
## 57                                                       ID5
## 58                                                       ID5
## 59                                                       ID4
## 60                                                       ID1
## 61                                                       ID1
## 62                                                       ID1
## 63                                                       ID1
## 64                                                       ID1
## 65                                                       ID1
## 66                                                       ID1
## 67                                                       ID1
## 68                                                       ID1
## 69                                                       ID1
## 70                                                       ID1
## 71                                                       ID1
## 72                                                       ID1
## 73                                                       ID1
## 74                                                       ID1
## 75                                                       ID1
## 76                                                       ID1
## 77                                                       ID1
## 78                                                       ID1
## 79                                                       ID1
## 80                                                       ID1
## 81                                                       ID1
## 82                                                       ID1
## 83                                                       ID1
## 84                                                       ID1
## 85                                                       ID1
## 86                                                       ID1
## 87                                                       ID1
## 88                                                       ID1
## 89                                                       ID1
## 90                                                       ID1
## 91                                                       ID4
## 92                                                       ID4
## 93                                                       ID1
## 94                                                       ID4
## 95                                                       ID4
## 96                                                       ID4
## 97                                                       ID4
## 98                                                       ID4
## 99                                                       ID4
## 100                                                      ID4
## 101                                                      ID1
## 102                                                      ID4
## 103                                                      ID1
## 104                                                      ID1
## 105                                                      ID1
## 106                                                      ID1
## 107                                                      ID4
## 108                                                      ID4
## 109                                                      ID4
## 110                                                      ID4
## 111                                                      ID4
## 112                                                      ID4
## 113                                                      ID4
## 114                                                      ID4
## 115                                                      ID4
## 116                                                      ID4
## 117                                                      ID4
## 118                                                      ID4
## 119                                                      ID4
## 120                                                      ID4
## 121                                                      ID4
## 122                                                      ID4
## 123                                                      ID4
## 124                                                      ID4
## 125                                                      ID4
## 126                                                      ID4
## 127                                                      ID4
## 128                                                      ID4
## 129                                                      ID4
## 130                                                      ID1
## 131           UKBiobank(Martin et al 2021)               ID1
## 132                       Locke et al;2015               ID1
## 133           UKBiobank(Martin et al 2021)               ID1
## 134           UKBiobank(Martin et al 2021)               ID1
## 135                                                      ID5
## 136                                                      ID4
## 137                                                      ID4
## 138                                                      ID4
## 139                                                      ID4
## 140                                                      ID4
## 141                                                      ID4
## 142                                                      ID1
## 143                                                      ID1
## 144                                                      ID1
## 145                                                      ID1
## 146                                                      ID4
## 147                                                      ID4
##                                                   UID effectsize
## 1          Nicholas J Timpson et al_19470880_2009_R57      0.385
## 2          Nicholas J Timpson et al_19470880_2009_R58      0.179
## 3                    Tove Fall et al_23824655_2013_R3      0.490
## 4                    Tove Fall et al_23824655_2013_R4      0.892
## 5                    Tove Fall et al_23824655_2013_R2      1.093
## 6                    Tove Fall et al_23824655_2013_R1      1.128
## 7                  Michael V Holmes_24462370_2014_R92      0.700
## 8                  Michael V Holmes_24462370_2014_R93      0.280
## 9                   Tove Fall et al_25712996_2015_R77      0.150
## 10                  Tove Fall et al_25712996_2015_R79      0.210
## 11                  Tove Fall et al_25712996_2015_R80      0.001
## 12                  Tove Fall et al_25712996_2015_R81      0.210
## 13                  Tove Fall et al_25712996_2015_R82      0.060
## 14                  Tove Fall et al_25712996_2015_R83      0.070
## 15                  Tove Fall et al_25712996_2015_R84      0.100
## 16                  Tove Fall et al_25712996_2015_R78      0.160
## 17                  Tove Fall et al_25712996_2015_R86      0.210
## 18                  Tove Fall et al_25712996_2015_R85      0.230
## 19            LouiseAC Millard et al_26568383_2015_R7      0.385
## 20            LouiseAC Millard et al_26568383_2015_R5      0.305
## 21            LouiseAC Millard et al_26568383_2015_R6      0.290
## 22             Donald M loyal et al_28678979_2017_R44      1.370
## 23             Donald M loyal et al_28678979_2017_R43      1.650
## 24             Donald M loyal et al_28678979_2017_R42      1.640
## 25                      Mee-Ri Lee_30045251_2018_R108      1.250
## 26                      Mee-Ri Lee_30045251_2018_R109      1.260
## 27                Wes Spiller et al_30462199_2018_R74      0.027
## 28                Wes Spiller et al_30462199_2018_R76      0.147
## 29                Wes Spiller et al_30462199_2018_R73      0.101
## 30                Wes Spiller et al_30462199_2018_R75     -0.020
## 31               Louise A.C.Millard_30707692_2019_R59      1.077
## 32         Susanna C. Larsson et al_31195408_2020_R64      1.110
## 33         Susanna C. Larsson et al_31195408_2020_R65      1.060
## 34         Susanna C. Larsson et al_31195408_2020_R67      1.120
## 35         Susanna C. Larsson et al_31195408_2020_R63      1.100
## 36         Susanna C. Larsson et al_31195408_2020_R68      1.080
## 37         Susanna C. Larsson et al_31195408_2020_R66      1.100
## 38            Torgny Karlsson et al_31501611_2019_R10      3.510
## 39             Torgny Karlsson et al_31501611_2019_R8      2.610
## 40            Torgny Karlsson et al_31501611_2019_R11      2.000
## 41             Torgny Karlsson et al_31501611_2019_R9      1.860
## 42          Frank Windmeijer  et al_31708716_2018_R41      0.087
## 43                     Qiying Song_32636122_2020_R123      3.209
## 44                     Qiying Song_32636122_2020_R121      7.277
## 45                     Qiying Song_32636122_2020_R122      7.471
## 46                     Qiying Song_32636122_2020_R120     15.527
## 47               Ben Brompton et al_32665587_2020_R15      1.130
## 48               Ben Brompton et al_32665587_2020_R14      1.840
## 49               Ben Brompton et al_32665587_2020_R19      1.420
## 50               Ben Brompton et al_32665587_2020_R20      0.470
## 51               Ben Brompton et al_32665587_2020_R21      1.260
## 52               Ben Brompton et al_32665587_2020_R22      1.380
## 53               Ben Brompton et al_32665587_2020_R17      0.760
## 54               Ben Brompton et al_32665587_2020_R16      0.830
## 55               Ben Brompton et al_32665587_2020_R23      1.380
## 56               Ben Brompton et al_32665587_2020_R18      0.890
## 57               Ben Brompton et al_32665587_2020_R13      1.590
## 58               Ben Brompton et al_32665587_2020_R24      0.920
## 59               Timothy E. Thayer_32712226_2021_R124      1.100
## 60            Van Oort Sabine et al_33131310_2020_R47      1.420
## 61            Van Oort Sabine et al_33131310_2020_R51      1.460
## 62            Van Oort Sabine et al_33131310_2020_R54      1.070
## 63            Van Oort Sabine et al_33131310_2020_R55      1.490
## 64            Van Oort Sabine et al_33131310_2020_R52      1.420
## 65            Van Oort Sabine et al_33131310_2020_R49      1.340
## 66            Van Oort Sabine et al_33131310_2020_R50      1.040
## 67            Van Oort Sabine et al_33131310_2020_R48      1.430
## 68            Van Oort Sabine et al_33131310_2020_R56      1.290
## 69            Van Oort Sabine et al_33131310_2020_R53      1.280
## 70                   Elina Hypponen_33323262_2019_R88      1.400
## 71                   Elina Hypponen_33323262_2019_R91      1.550
## 72                   Elina Hypponen_33323262_2019_R89      1.430
## 73                   Elina Hypponen_33323262_2019_R90      1.100
## 74                   Elina Hypponen_33323262_2019_R87      1.550
## 75             Shan-Shan Dong et al_33771188_2021_R27      1.110
## 76             Shan-Shan Dong et al_33771188_2021_R29      1.140
## 77             Shan-Shan Dong et al_33771188_2021_R30      1.130
## 78             Shan-Shan Dong et al_33771188_2021_R35      1.230
## 79             Shan-Shan Dong et al_33771188_2021_R32      1.370
## 80             Shan-Shan Dong et al_33771188_2021_R33      1.210
## 81             Shan-Shan Dong et al_33771188_2021_R34      1.230
## 82             Shan-Shan Dong et al_33771188_2021_R39      1.300
## 83             Shan-Shan Dong et al_33771188_2021_R28      1.210
## 84             Shan-Shan Dong et al_33771188_2021_R40      1.250
## 85             Shan-Shan Dong et al_33771188_2021_R38      1.300
## 86             Shan-Shan Dong et al_33771188_2021_R25      1.120
## 87             Shan-Shan Dong et al_33771188_2021_R31      1.140
## 88             Shan-Shan Dong et al_33771188_2021_R36      1.140
## 89             Shan-Shan Dong et al_33771188_2021_R37      1.310
## 90             Shan-Shan Dong et al_33771188_2021_R26      1.110
## 91              Susan Martin et al_33980691_2021_R101      0.740
## 92               Susan Martin et al_33980691_2021_R99     -0.569
## 93               Susan Martin et al_33980691_2021_R96      3.030
## 94              Susan Martin et al_33980691_2021_R106     -0.283
## 95              Susan Martin et al_33980691_2021_R107     -1.109
## 96              Susan Martin et al_33980691_2021_R103     -0.507
## 97              Susan Martin et al_33980691_2021_R100      0.408
## 98               Susan Martin et al_33980691_2021_R98      0.690
## 99              Susan Martin et al_33980691_2021_R102     -0.098
## 100             Susan Martin et al_33980691_2021_R105      1.138
## 101              Susan Martin et al_33980691_2021_R97      0.340
## 102             Susan Martin et al_33980691_2021_R104      1.159
## 103                    Jingwen Fan_34001814_2021_R112      1.005
## 104                    Jingwen Fan_34001814_2021_R111      1.009
## 105                    Jingwen Fan_34001814_2021_R110      1.008
## 106                    Jingwen Fan_34001814_2021_R113      1.007
## 107                Alice Giontella_34120448_2021_R130      0.546
## 108                Alice Giontella_34120448_2021_R128      0.336
## 109                Alice Giontella_34120448_2021_R132      0.226
## 110                Alice Giontella_34120448_2021_R125      0.233
## 111                Alice Giontella_34120448_2021_R138      0.676
## 112                Alice Giontella_34120448_2021_R131      0.142
## 113                Alice Giontella_34120448_2021_R127      0.241
## 114                Alice Giontella_34120448_2021_R129      0.205
## 115                Alice Giontella_34120448_2021_R141      0.158
## 116                Alice Giontella_34120448_2021_R142      0.048
## 117                Alice Giontella_34120448_2021_R143     -0.161
## 118                Alice Giontella_34120448_2021_R144      0.122
## 119                Alice Giontella_34120448_2021_R133      0.257
## 120                Alice Giontella_34120448_2021_R134      0.367
## 121                Alice Giontella_34120448_2021_R135      0.269
## 122                Alice Giontella_34120448_2021_R136      0.296
## 123                Alice Giontella_34120448_2021_R148      0.190
## 124                Alice Giontella_34120448_2021_R137      0.248
## 125                Alice Giontella_34120448_2021_R139      0.267
## 126                Alice Giontella_34120448_2021_R147     -0.033
## 127                Alice Giontella_34120448_2021_R140      0.284
## 128                Alice Giontella_34120448_2021_R146      0.055
## 129                Alice Giontella_34120448_2021_R145      0.172
## 130                  Grace M. Power_34465205_2021_R95      1.770
## 131              Susan Martin et al_35074047_2022_R71      0.340
## 132              Susan Martin et al_35074047_2022_R69      2.180
## 133              Susan Martin et al_35074047_2022_R72      3.030
## 134              Susan Martin et al_35074047_2022_R70      2.010
## 135            Carlos Cinelli et al_35232963_2022_R12      0.145
## 136                 Liwan Fu et al_35599089_2022_R116     11.460
## 137                 Liwan Fu et al_35599089_2022_R115      6.994
## 138                 Liwan Fu et al_35599089_2022_R114     14.374
## 139                 Liwan Fu et al_35599089_2022_R119      7.908
## 140                 Liwan Fu et al_35599089_2022_R118      2.235
## 141                 Liwan Fu et al_35599089_2022_R117      7.869
## 142 Nataraja Sarma Vaitinadin et al_35656995_2022_R94      1.890
## 143              Wenting Wang et al_35694671_2022_R62      1.950
## 144              Wenting Wang et al_35694671_2022_R61      1.490
## 145              Wenting Wang et al_35694671_2022_R60      1.390
## 146               Wes Spiller et al_35947639_2022_R45      0.130
## 147               Wes Spiller et al_35947639_2022_R46      0.034
##     effectsize_per1SD lowerinterval LI_per1SD upperinterval UI_per1SD    pvalue
## 1              0.9625       0.18800   0.47000       0.58300   1.45800  2.00e-04
## 2              0.4474       0.06800   0.17000       0.29000   0.72500  2.00e-03
## 3              0.4900       0.18700   0.18700       0.79300   0.79300  2.00e-03
## 4              0.8920       0.47500   0.47500       1.30900   1.30900  2.80e-05
## 5              1.4300       0.78300   0.78300       1.52700   3.43500  6.00e-01
## 6              1.5910       1.07000   1.32300       1.18900   1.87300  7.00e-06
## 7              0.7000       0.24000   0.24000       1.16000   1.16000  0.00e+00
## 8              0.2800       0.03000   0.03000       0.52000   0.52000  0.00e+00
## 9              0.1500       0.03000   0.03000       0.26000   0.26000  1.00e-02
## 10             0.2100       0.09000   0.09000       0.33000   0.33000  8.00e-04
## 11             0.0010      -0.16000  -0.16000       0.18000   0.18000  9.30e-01
## 12             0.2100       0.12000   0.12000       0.30000   0.30000  2.50e-06
## 13             0.0600      -0.14000  -0.14000       0.26000   0.26000  5.60e-01
## 14             0.0700      -0.04000  -0.04000       0.18000   0.18000  2.40e-01
## 15             0.1000      -0.01000  -0.01000       0.20000   0.20000  6.00e-02
## 16             0.1600       0.04000   0.04000       0.28000   0.28000  1.00e-02
## 17             0.2100       0.04000   0.04000       0.37000   0.37000  2.00e-02
## 18             0.2300       0.00600   0.00600       0.40000   0.40000  8.00e-03
## 19             0.3850      -0.00500  -0.00500       0.83000   0.83000  8.60e-02
## 20             0.3050       0.13000   0.13000       0.48000   0.48000  1.00e-03
## 21             0.2900       0.10000   0.10000       0.48000   0.48000  2.00e-03
## 22             1.3700       0.88000   0.88000       1.85000   1.85000  3.60e-08
## 23             1.6500       0.78000   0.78000       2.52000   2.52000  2.00e-04
## 24             1.6400       1.48000   1.48000       1.83000   1.83000  1.10e-19
## 25             1.2500       0.00000   0.00000       0.00000   0.00000  2.70e-02
## 26             1.2600       0.00000   0.00000       0.00000   0.00000  2.50e-02
## 27             0.0270      -0.09000  -0.09000       0.15000   0.15000  6.58e-01
## 28             0.1470       0.08000   0.08000       0.21000   0.21000  3.20e-02
## 29             0.1010       0.04000   0.04000       0.16000   0.16000  1.00e-03
## 30            -0.0200      -0.32000  -0.32000       0.28000   0.28000  3.25e-01
## 31             1.5740       1.06800   1.50700       1.08500   1.63300  0.00e+00
## 32             1.1100       1.09000   1.09000       1.13000   1.13000  3.90e-30
## 33             1.0600       1.01000   1.01000       1.12000   1.12000  2.00e-02
## 34             1.1200       1.04000   1.04000       1.20000   1.20000  1.50e-03
## 35             1.4770       1.07000   1.33400       1.12000   1.57200  3.40e-16
## 36             1.0800       0.99000   0.99000       1.19000   1.19000  9.00e-02
## 37             1.1000       1.08000   1.08000       1.12000   1.12000  0.00e+00
## 38             3.5100       2.71000   2.71000       4.54000   4.54000  2.50e-21
## 39             2.6100       2.14000   2.14000       3.19000   3.19000  3.10e-21
## 40             2.0000       1.75000   1.75000       2.28000   2.28000  4.50e-24
## 41             1.8600       1.65000   1.65000       2.10000   2.10000  1.40e-24
## 42             0.0870       0.05564   0.05564       0.11836   0.11836  0.00e+00
## 43             3.2090      -0.36500  -0.36500       6.05200   6.05200  5.30e-02
## 44             7.2770       0.60900   0.60900      13.94600  13.94600  3.20e-02
## 45             7.4710       6.35500   6.35500       8.58800   8.58800  2.73e-39
## 46            15.5270      13.90900  13.90900      17.14400  17.14400  5.66e-79
## 47             1.1300       0.04000   0.04000       2.21000   2.21000  4.19e-02
## 48             1.8400       1.20000   1.20000       2.47000   2.47000  1.44e-08
## 49             1.4200      -1.80000  -1.80000       4.64000   4.64000  3.87e-01
## 50             0.4700      -1.18000  -1.18000       2.11000   2.11000  5.79e-01
## 51             1.2600       0.90000   0.90000       1.63000   1.63000  5.59e-09
## 52             1.3800       0.87000   0.87000       1.89000   1.89000  9.67e-08
## 53             0.7600      -0.19000  -0.19000       1.70000   1.70000  1.17e-01
## 54             0.8300      -0.11000  -0.11000       1.77000   1.77000  8.25e-02
## 55             1.3800       0.79000   0.79000       1.98000   1.98000  2.16e-05
## 56             0.8900      -0.78000  -0.78000       2.57000   2.57000  2.96e-01
## 57             1.5900       1.34000   1.34000       1.83000   1.83000  1.26e-36
## 58             0.9200       0.22000   0.22000       1.62000   1.62000  1.26e-02
## 59             1.1000       0.00000   0.00000       0.00000   0.00000  4.00e-03
## 60             1.4200       1.37000   1.37000       1.48000   1.48000  3.12e-81
## 61             1.4600       1.36000   1.36000       1.57000   1.57000  4.00e-25
## 62             1.0700       0.99000   0.99000       1.14000   1.14000  7.70e-02
## 63             1.4900       1.43000   1.43000       1.55000   1.55000  5.60e-68
## 64             1.4200       1.36000   1.36000       1.48000   1.48000  3.83e-60
## 65             1.3400       1.19000   1.19000       1.52000   1.52000  2.88e-06
## 66             1.0400       0.91000   0.91000       1.19000   1.19000  5.48e-01
## 67             1.4300       1.33000   1.33000       1.53000   1.53000  2.56e-23
## 68             1.2900       1.25000   1.25000       1.34000   1.34000  3.38e-55
## 69             1.2800       1.21000   1.21000       1.35000   1.35000  4.50e-09
## 70             1.4000       1.26000   1.26000       1.56000   1.56000  0.00e+00
## 71             1.5500       1.42000   1.42000       1.69000   1.69000  0.00e+00
## 72             1.4300       1.26000   1.26000       1.62000   1.62000  0.00e+00
## 73             1.1000       0.82000   0.82000       1.49000   1.49000  0.00e+00
## 74             1.5500       1.37000   1.37000       1.76000   1.76000  0.00e+00
## 75             1.1100       1.05000   1.05000       1.18000   1.18000  1.32e-02
## 76             1.1400       1.09000   1.09000       1.18000   1.18000  3.12e-11
## 77             1.1300       1.08000   1.08000       1.19000   1.19000  5.95e-08
## 78             1.2300       1.13000   1.13000       1.34000   1.34000  1.48e-05
## 79             1.3700       1.31000   1.31000       1.43000   1.43000  3.41e-05
## 80             1.2100       1.18000   1.18000       1.25000   1.25000  4.38e-35
## 81             1.2300       1.17000   1.17000       1.29000   1.29000  9.33e-18
## 82             1.3000       1.23000   1.23000       1.38000   1.38000  3.38e-11
## 83             1.2100       1.13000   1.13000       1.30000   1.30000  2.89e-03
## 84             1.2500       1.15000   1.15000       1.36000   1.36000  2.44e-06
## 85             1.3000       1.24000   1.24000       1.35000   1.35000  3.47e-31
## 86             1.1200       1.08000   1.08000       1.16000   1.16000  1.27e-11
## 87             1.1400       1.08000   1.08000       1.20000   1.20000  5.61e-03
## 88             1.1400       1.04000   1.04000       1.26000   1.26000  8.20e-03
## 89             1.3100       1.27000   1.27000       1.35000   1.35000  6.03e-68
## 90             1.1100       1.07000   1.07000       1.16000   1.16000  8.18e-07
## 91             0.7400       0.00000   0.00000       0.00000   0.00000  4.00e-22
## 92            -0.5690       0.00000   0.00000       0.00000   0.00000  8.00e-04
## 93             3.0300       2.18000   2.18000       4.22000   4.22000  5.00e-11
## 94            -0.2830       0.00000   0.00000       0.00000   0.00000  7.10e-01
## 95            -1.1090       0.00000   0.00000       0.00000   0.00000  2.00e-06
## 96            -0.5070       0.00000   0.00000       0.00000   0.00000  1.00e-05
## 97             0.4080       0.00000   0.00000       0.00000   0.00000  3.00e-01
## 98             0.6900       0.00000   0.00000       0.00000   0.00000  5.00e-07
## 99            -0.0980       0.00000   0.00000       0.00000   0.00000  8.40e-01
## 100            1.1380       0.00000   0.00000       0.00000   0.00000  2.00e-11
## 101            0.3400       0.21000   0.21000       0.55000   0.55000  1.00e-05
## 102            1.1590       0.00000   0.00000       0.00000   0.00000  6.00e-02
## 103            1.0050       1.00200   1.00200       1.00800   1.00800  1.00e-03
## 104            1.0090       1.00700   1.00700       1.01200   1.01200  1.02e-10
## 105            1.0080       1.00400   1.00400       1.01160   1.01160  1.00e-03
## 106            1.0070       1.00400   1.00400       1.01000   1.01000  5.65e-07
## 107            0.5460       0.31100   0.31100       0.78100   0.78100  5.70e-06
## 108            0.3360       0.18700   0.18700       0.48500   0.48500  9.70e-06
## 109            0.2260       0.14200   0.14200       0.31000   0.31000  1.60e-07
## 110            0.2330       0.13300   0.13300       0.33300   0.33300  4.20e-06
## 111            0.6760       0.43100   0.43100       0.92100   0.92100  6.00e-08
## 112            0.1420      -0.03800  -0.03800       0.32200   0.32200  3.05e-01
## 113            0.2410      -0.07000  -0.07000       0.55200   0.55200  1.30e-01
## 114            0.2050       0.14500   0.14500       0.26500   0.26500  8.30e-12
## 115            0.1580       0.05800   0.05800       0.25800   0.25800  2.00e-02
## 116            0.0480      -0.05000  -0.05000       0.19600   0.19600  5.30e-02
## 117           -0.1610      -0.48200  -0.48200       0.16000   0.16000  3.25e-01
## 118            0.1220      -0.04200  -0.04200       0.28600   0.28600  1.11e-01
## 119            0.2570       0.15700   0.15700       0.35700   0.35700  3.00e-07
## 120            0.3670       0.20200   0.20200       0.53200   0.53200  1.40e-05
## 121            0.2690      -0.01700  -0.01700       0.57600   0.57600  8.70e-02
## 122            0.2960       0.14900   0.14900       0.44300   0.44300  8.30e-05
## 123            0.1900       0.04000   0.04000       0.33900   0.33900  1.20e-02
## 124            0.2480       0.18800   0.18800       0.30800   0.30800  6.80e-17
## 125            0.2670       0.08900   0.08900       0.44500   0.44500  3.00e-03
## 126           -0.0330      -0.34300  -0.34300       0.27700   0.27700  8.34e-01
## 127            0.2840       0.20000   0.20000       0.36800   0.36800  3.10e-11
## 128            0.0550      -0.09800  -0.09800       0.20800   0.20800  4.77e-01
## 129            0.1720       0.07200   0.07200       0.27200   0.27200  1.00e-03
## 130            1.7700       1.53000   1.53000       2.04000   2.04000  6.30e-15
## 131            0.3400       0.21000   0.21000       0.55000   0.55000  1.00e-04
## 132            2.1800       1.80000   1.80000       2.64000   2.64000  2.00e-11
## 133            3.0300       2.18000   2.18000       4.22000   4.22000  2.00e-07
## 134            2.0100       1.79000   1.79000       2.26000   2.26000  6.00e-29
## 135            0.1450       0.11600   0.11600       0.17300   0.17300  4.20e-22
## 136           11.4600       0.00000   0.00000       0.00000   0.00000  1.49e-50
## 137            6.9940       0.00000   0.00000       0.00000   0.00000  9.34e-18
## 138           14.3740       0.00000   0.00000       0.00000   0.00000 4.23e-158
## 139            7.9080       0.00000   0.00000       0.00000   0.00000  3.87e-46
## 140            2.2350       0.00000   0.00000       0.00000   0.00000  1.58e-04
## 141            7.8690       0.00000   0.00000       0.00000   0.00000  2.17e-87
## 142            1.8900       1.37000   1.37000       2.61000   2.61000  0.00e+00
## 143            1.9500       1.35000   1.35000       2.82000   2.82000  3.84e-03
## 144            1.4900       1.24000   1.24000       1.79000   1.79000  2.45e-05
## 145            1.3900       1.21000   1.21000       1.59000   1.59000  2.46e-06
## 146            0.1300       0.00000   0.00000       0.00000   0.00000  1.00e-03
## 147            0.0340       0.00000   0.00000       0.00000   0.00000  9.00e-03
##     exposureid.x    se
## 1             E1 0.000
## 2             E1 0.000
## 3             E1 0.000
## 4             E1 0.000
## 5             E1 0.000
## 6             E1 0.000
## 7             E1 0.000
## 8             E1 0.000
## 9             E1 0.000
## 10            E1 0.000
## 11            E1 0.000
## 12            E1 0.000
## 13            E1 0.000
## 14            E1 0.000
## 15            E1 0.000
## 16            E1 0.000
## 17            E1 0.000
## 18            E1 0.000
## 19            E1 0.000
## 20            E1 0.000
## 21            E1 0.000
## 22            E1 0.000
## 23            E1 0.000
## 24            E1 0.000
## 25            E1 0.000
## 26            E1 0.000
## 27            E1 0.062
## 28            E1 0.001
## 29            E1 0.031
## 30            E1 0.154
## 31            E1 0.000
## 32            E1 0.000
## 33            E1 0.000
## 34            E1 0.000
## 35            E1 0.000
## 36            E1 0.000
## 37            E1 0.000
## 38            E1 0.000
## 39            E1 0.000
## 40            E1 0.000
## 41            E1 0.000
## 42            E1 0.016
## 43            E2 0.000
## 44            E2 0.000
## 45            E1 0.000
## 46            E1 0.000
## 47            E1 0.000
## 48            E1 0.000
## 49            E1 0.000
## 50            E1 0.000
## 51            E1 0.000
## 52            E1 0.000
## 53            E1 0.000
## 54            E1 0.000
## 55            E1 0.000
## 56            E1 0.000
## 57            E1 0.000
## 58            E1 0.000
## 59            E1 0.400
## 60            E1 0.000
## 61            E1 0.000
## 62            E1 0.000
## 63            E1 0.000
## 64            E1 0.000
## 65            E1 0.000
## 66            E1 0.000
## 67            E1 0.000
## 68            E1 0.000
## 69            E1 0.000
## 70            E1 0.000
## 71            E1 0.000
## 72            E1 0.000
## 73            E1 0.000
## 74            E1 0.000
## 75            E1 0.000
## 76            E1 0.000
## 77            E1 0.000
## 78            E1 0.000
## 79            E1 0.000
## 80            E1 0.000
## 81            E1 0.000
## 82            E1 0.000
## 83            E1 0.000
## 84            E1 0.000
## 85            E1 0.000
## 86            E1 0.000
## 87            E1 0.000
## 88            E1 0.000
## 89            E1 0.000
## 90            E1 0.000
## 91            E1 0.076
## 92            E1 0.155
## 93            E1 0.000
## 94            E1 0.745
## 95            E1 0.231
## 96            E1 0.115
## 97            E1 0.392
## 98            E1 0.113
## 99            E1 0.486
## 100           E1 0.170
## 101           E1 0.000
## 102           E1 0.593
## 103           E1 0.000
## 104           E1 0.000
## 105           E1 0.000
## 106           E1 0.000
## 107           E2 0.000
## 108           E1 0.000
## 109           E1 0.000
## 110           E1 0.000
## 111           E2 0.000
## 112           E1 0.000
## 113           E1 0.000
## 114           E1 0.000
## 115           E1 0.000
## 116           E2 0.000
## 117           E1 0.000
## 118           E1 0.000
## 119           E1 0.000
## 120           E2 0.000
## 121           E1 0.000
## 122           E1 0.000
## 123           E1 0.000
## 124           E1 0.000
## 125           E1 0.000
## 126           E1 0.000
## 127           E1 0.000
## 128           E2 0.000
## 129           E1 0.000
## 130           E1 0.000
## 131           E1 0.000
## 132           E1 0.000
## 133           E1 0.000
## 134           E1 0.000
## 135           E1 0.000
## 136           E1 0.753
## 137           E5 0.810
## 138           E1 0.507
## 139           E1 0.546
## 140           E5 0.591
## 141           E1 0.385
## 142           E1 0.000
## 143           E1 0.000
## 144           E1 0.000
## 145           E1 0.000
## 146           E1 0.000
## 147           E1 0.000
##                                                        strata effectsizetype
## 1                                                                       BETA
## 2                                                                       BETA
## 3                                                                       BETA
## 4                                                                       BETA
## 5                                                                         OR
## 6                                                                         OR
## 7                                                                       BETA
## 8                                                                       BETA
## 9                        Nonstratified based on genetic score           BETA
## 10                                    Age less than  55 years           BETA
## 11                          Greater than or equal to 55 years           BETA
## 12                   Stratify on basis of less than 55 years.           BETA
## 13  Stratified on basis of greater than or equal to 55 years            BETA
## 14                      stratified on the basis of sex; women           BETA
## 15                          Stratified on basis of sex; women           BETA
## 16                                                                      BETA
## 17                                                                      BETA
## 18                                                                      BETA
## 19                                                                        MD
## 20                                                                        MD
## 21                                                                        MD
## 22                                                                      BETA
## 23                                                                      BETA
## 24                                                                        OR
## 25                                                                        OR
## 26                                                                        OR
## 27                                                                      BETA
## 28                                                                      BETA
## 29                                                                      BETA
## 30                                                                      BETA
## 31                                                                        OR
## 32                                                                        OR
## 33                                                                        OR
## 34                                                                        OR
## 35                                                                        OR
## 36                                                                        OR
## 37                                                                        OR
## 38                                                    Females             OR
## 39                                                    Females             OR
## 40                                                      Males             OR
## 41                                                      Males             OR
## 42                                                                      BETA
## 43                                                                      BETA
## 44                                                                      BETA
## 45                                                                      BETA
## 46                                                                      BETA
## 47                                                            RiskDifference
## 48                                                            RiskDifference
## 49                                                            RiskDifference
## 50                                                            RiskDifference
## 51                                                            RiskDifference
## 52                                                            RiskDifference
## 53                                                            RiskDifference
## 54                                                            RiskDifference
## 55                                                            RiskDifference
## 56                                                            RiskDifference
## 57                                                            RiskDifference
## 58                                                            RiskDifference
## 59                                                                      BETA
## 60            Pooled results of two cohorts(FinniGen and UKB)             OR
## 61                                    FinnGen study-MR-PRESSO             OR
## 62                                   UKB study using MR-Egger             OR
## 63                                       UKB study -MR-PRESSO             OR
## 64                                             UKB study -IVW             OR
## 65                                   FinnGen study -wt median             OR
## 66                             FinnGen study- MR Egger method             OR
## 67                             Results for FinnGen study only             OR
## 68                UKB study using self reported hypertension              OR
## 69                                  UKB study-weighted median             OR
## 70                                                                        OR
## 71                                                                        OR
## 72                                                                        OR
## 73                                                                        OR
## 74                                                                        OR
## 75                                                                        OR
## 76                                                                        OR
## 77                                                                        OR
## 78                                                                        OR
## 79                                                                        OR
## 80                                                                        OR
## 81                                                                        OR
## 82                                                                        OR
## 83                                                                        OR
## 84                                                                        OR
## 85                                                                        OR
## 86                                                                        OR
## 87                                                                        OR
## 88                                                                        OR
## 89                                                                        OR
## 90                                                                        OR
## 91                                                                      BETA
## 92                                                                      BETA
## 93                                                                        OR
## 94                                                                      BETA
## 95                                                                      BETA
## 96                                                                      BETA
## 97                                                                      BETA
## 98                                                                      BETA
## 99                                                                      BETA
## 100                                                                     BETA
## 101                                                                       OR
## 102                                                                     BETA
## 103                                                                       OR
## 104                                                                       OR
## 105                                                                       OR
## 106                                                                       OR
## 107                                                                     BETA
## 108                                                                     BETA
## 109                                                                     BETA
## 110                                                                     BETA
## 111                                                                     BETA
## 112                                                                     BETA
## 113                                                                     BETA
## 114                                                                     BETA
## 115                                                                     BETA
## 116                                                                     BETA
## 117                                                                     BETA
## 118                                                                     BETA
## 119                                                                     BETA
## 120                                                                     BETA
## 121                                                                     BETA
## 122                                                                     BETA
## 123                                                                     BETA
## 124                                                                     BETA
## 125                                                                     BETA
## 126                                                                     BETA
## 127                                                                     BETA
## 128                                                                     BETA
## 129                                                                     BETA
## 130                                                                       OR
## 131                                                                       OR
## 132                                                                       OR
## 133                                                                       OR
## 134                                                                       OR
## 135                                                           RiskDifference
## 136                                                                     BETA
## 137                                                                     BETA
## 138                                                                     BETA
## 139                                                                     BETA
## 140                                                                     BETA
## 141                                                                     BETA
## 142                                                                       OR
## 143                                                                       OR
## 144                                                                       OR
## 145                                                                       OR
## 146                                                                     BETA
## 147                                                                     BETA
##                methodname Exposureid_resultsid exposureid.y exposurename
## 1                    TSLS               E1_R57           E1          BMI
## 2                    TSLS               E1_R58           E1          BMI
## 3             IVestimator                E1_R3           E1          BMI
## 4             IVestimator                E1_R4           E1          BMI
## 5             IVestimator                E1_R2           E1          BMI
## 6             IVestimator                E1_R1           E1          BMI
## 7             IVestimator               E1_R92           E1          BMI
## 8             IVestimator               E1_R93           E1          BMI
## 9             IVestimator               E1_R77           E1          BMI
## 10            IVestimator               E1_R79           E1          BMI
## 11            IVestimator               E1_R80           E1          BMI
## 12            IVestimator               E1_R81           E1          BMI
## 13            IVestimator               E1_R82           E1          BMI
## 14            IVestimator               E1_R83           E1          BMI
## 15            IVestimator               E1_R84           E1          BMI
## 16            IVestimator               E1_R78           E1          BMI
## 17            IVestimator               E1_R86           E1          BMI
## 18            IVestimator               E1_R85           E1          BMI
## 19                   TSLS                E1_R7           E1          BMI
## 20                   TSLS                E1_R5           E1          BMI
## 21                   TSLS                E1_R6           E1          BMI
## 22                   TSLS               E1_R44           E1          BMI
## 23                   TSLS               E1_R43           E1          BMI
## 24                   TSLS               E1_R42           E1          BMI
## 25            IVestimator              E1_R108           E1          BMI
## 26            IVestimator              E1_R109           E1          BMI
## 27                MREgger               E1_R74           E1          BMI
## 28              Wetmedian               E1_R76           E1          BMI
## 29                    IVW               E1_R73           E1          BMI
## 30  SIMEXcorrectedMREgger               E1_R75           E1          BMI
## 31                    IVW               E1_R59           E1          BMI
## 32              Wetmedian               E1_R64           E1          BMI
## 33                MREgger               E1_R65           E1          BMI
## 34                   MVMR               E1_R67           E1          BMI
## 35                    IVW               E1_R63           E1          BMI
## 36                   MVMR               E1_R68           E1          BMI
## 37              MR-PRESSO               E1_R66           E1          BMI
## 38                   TSLS               E1_R10           E1          BMI
## 39                    IVW                E1_R8           E1          BMI
## 40                   TSLS               E1_R11           E1          BMI
## 41                    IVW                E1_R9           E1          BMI
## 42                   TSLS               E1_R41           E1          BMI
## 43                   TSLS              E2_R123           E2          WHR
## 44                   TSLS              E2_R121           E2          WHR
## 45                   TSLS              E1_R122           E1          BMI
## 46                   TSLS              E1_R120           E1          BMI
## 47                   TSLS               E1_R15           E1          BMI
## 48                   TSLS               E1_R14           E1          BMI
## 49                Wetmode               E1_R19           E1          BMI
## 50                MREgger               E1_R20           E1          BMI
## 51                    IVW               E1_R21           E1          BMI
## 52              Wetmedian               E1_R22           E1          BMI
## 53                    IVW               E1_R17           E1          BMI
## 54                    IVW               E1_R16           E1          BMI
## 55                Wetmode               E1_R23           E1          BMI
## 56              Wetmedian               E1_R18           E1          BMI
## 57                   TSLS               E1_R13           E1          BMI
## 58                MREgger               E1_R24           E1          BMI
## 59                    IVW               E1_124           E1          BMI
## 60                    IVW               E1_R47           E1          BMI
## 61              MR-PRESSO               E1_R51           E1          BMI
## 62                MREgger               E1_R54           E1          BMI
## 63              MR-PRESSO               E1_R55           E1          BMI
## 64                    IVW               E1_R52           E1          BMI
## 65              Wetmedian               E1_R49           E1          BMI
## 66                MREgger               E1_R50           E1          BMI
## 67                    IVW               E1_R48           E1          BMI
## 68                    IVW               E1_R56           E1          BMI
## 69              Wetmedian               E1_R53           E1          BMI
## 70              Wetmedian               E1_R88           E1          BMI
## 71              MR-PRESSO               E1_R91           E1          BMI
## 72                Wetmode               E1_R89           E1          BMI
## 73                MREgger               E1_R90           E1          BMI
## 74                    IVW               E1_R87           E1          BMI
## 75                Wetmode               E1_R27           E1          BMI
## 76                    IVW               E1_R29           E1          BMI
## 77              Wetmedian               E1_R30           E1          BMI
## 78                Wetmode               E1_R35           E1          BMI
## 79                MREgger               E1_R32           E1          BMI
## 80                   MVMR               E1_R33           E1          BMI
## 81              Wetmedian               E1_R34           E1          BMI
## 82                Wetmode               E1_R39           E1          BMI
## 83                MREgger               E1_R28           E1          BMI
## 84                MREgger               E1_R40           E1          BMI
## 85              Wetmedian               E1_R38           E1          BMI
## 86                    IVW               E1_R25           E1          BMI
## 87                Wetmode               E1_R31           E1          BMI
## 88                MREgger               E1_R36           E1          BMI
## 89                    IVW               E1_R37           E1          BMI
## 90              Wetmedian               E1_R26           E1          BMI
## 91              Wetmedian              E1_R101           E1          BMI
## 92                    IVW               E1_R99           E1          BMI
## 93                    IVW               E1_R96           E1          BMI
## 94                MREgger              E1_R106           E1          BMI
## 95              Wetmedian              E1_R107           E1          BMI
## 96              Wetmedian              E1_R103           E1          BMI
## 97                MREgger              E1_R100           E1          BMI
## 98                    IVW               E1_R98           E1          BMI
## 99                MREgger              E1_R102           E1          BMI
## 100             Wetmedian              E1_R105           E1          BMI
## 101                   IVW               E1_R97           E1          BMI
## 102               MREgger              E1_R104           E1          BMI
## 103                   IVW              E1_R112           E1          BMI
## 104             Wetmedian              E1_R111           E1          BMI
## 105                   IVW              E1_R110           E1          BMI
## 106             Wetmedian              E1_R113           E1          BMI
## 107                  TSLS              E2_R130           E2          WHR
## 108                  TSLS              E1_R128           E1          BMI
## 109                  TSLS              E1_R132           E1          BMI
## 110                  TSLS              E1_R125           E1          BMI
## 111                  TSLS              E2_R138           E2          WHR
## 112                  TSLS              E1_R131           E1          BMI
## 113                  TSLS              E1_R127           E1          BMI
## 114                  TSLS              E1_R129           E1          BMI
## 115                  TSLS              E1_R141           E1          BMI
## 116                  TSLS              E2_R142           E2          WHR
## 117                  TSLS              E1_R143           E1          BMI
## 118                  TSLS              E1_R144           E1          BMI
## 119                  TSLS              E1_R133           E1          BMI
## 120                  TSLS              E2_R134           E2          WHR
## 121                  TSLS              E1_R135           E1          BMI
## 122                  TSLS              E1_R136           E1          BMI
## 123                  TSLS              E1_R148           E1          BMI
## 124                  TSLS              E1_R137           E1          BMI
## 125                  TSLS              E1_R139           E1          BMI
## 126                  TSLS               E1_147           E1          BMI
## 127                  TSLS               E1_140           E1          BMI
## 128                  TSLS              E2_R146           E2          BMI
## 129                  TSLS              E1_R145           E1          BMI
## 130                   IVW               E1_R95           E1          BMI
## 131                   IVW               E1_R71           E1          BMI
## 132                   IVW               E1_R69           E1          BMI
## 133                   IVW               E1_R72           E1          BMI
## 134                   IVW               E1_R70           E1          BMI
## 135                  TSLS               E1_R12           E1          BMI
## 136                  TSLS              E1_R116           E1          BMI
## 137                  TSLS              E1_R115           E5         WHtR
## 138                  TSLS              E1_R114           E1          BMI
## 139                  TSLS              E1_R119           E1          BMI
## 140                  TSLS              E5_R118           E5         WHtR
## 141                  TSLS              E1_R117           E1          BMI
## 142                   IVW               E1_R94           E1          BMI
## 143               MREgger               E1_R62           E1          BMI
## 144             Wetmedian               E1_R61           E1          BMI
## 145                   IVW               E1_R60           E1          BMI
## 146                  TSLS               E1_R45           E1          BMI
## 147                 MRGXE               E1_R46           E1          BMI
##                                                                                                                                                                                  exposuremeasured
## 1                                                                                                                                                       weight divided by height in square metres
## 2                                                                                                                                                       weight divided by height in square metres
## 3                                                                                                                                                       weight divided by height in square metres
## 4                                                                                                                                                       weight divided by height in square metres
## 5                                                                                                                                                       weight divided by height in square metres
## 6                                                                                                                                                       weight divided by height in square metres
## 7                                                                                                                                                       weight divided by height in square metres
## 8                                                                                                                                                       weight divided by height in square metres
## 9                                                                                                                                                       weight divided by height in square metres
## 10                                                                                                                                                      weight divided by height in square metres
## 11                                                                                                                                                      weight divided by height in square metres
## 12                                                                                                                                                      weight divided by height in square metres
## 13                                                                                                                                                      weight divided by height in square metres
## 14                                                                                                                                                      weight divided by height in square metres
## 15                                                                                                                                                      weight divided by height in square metres
## 16                                                                                                                                                      weight divided by height in square metres
## 17                                                                                                                                                      weight divided by height in square metres
## 18                                                                                                                                                      weight divided by height in square metres
## 19                                                                                                                               weight divided by height in square metres (evaluated as log BMI)
## 20                                                                                                                                                      weight divided by height in square metres
## 21                                                                                                                               weight divided by height in square metres (evaluated as log BMI)
## 22                                                                                                                                                      weight divided by height in square metres
## 23                                                                                                                                                      weight divided by height in square metres
## 24                                                                                                                                                      weight divided by height in square metres
## 25                                                                                                                                                      weight divided by height in square metres
## 26                                                                                                                                                      weight divided by height in square metres
## 27                                                                                                                                                      weight divided by height in square metres
## 28                                                                                                                                                      weight divided by height in square metres
## 29                                                                                                                                                      weight divided by height in square metres
## 30                                                                                                                                                      weight divided by height in square metres
## 31                                                                                                                                                      weight divided by height in square metres
## 32                                                                                                                                                      weight divided by height in square metres
## 33                                                                                                                                                      weight divided by height in square metres
## 34                                                                                                   Assessed using bioelectrical impedance technique.  Fat mass index divided by height squared.
## 35                                                                                                                                                      weight divided by height in square metres
## 36                                                                                                                                                           assessed using bioelectric impedance
## 37                                                                                                                                                      weight divided by height in square metres
## 38                                                                                                                                                Measured using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry
## 39                                                                                                                                                Measured using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry
## 40                                                                                                                                                Measured using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry
## 41                                                                                                                                                Measured using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry
## 42                                                                                                                                                       weight divided by height I square metres
## 43                                                                                                                                               waist circumference divided by hip circumference
## 44                                                                                                                                               waist circumference divided by hip circumference
## 45                                                                                                                                                      weight divided by height in square metres
## 46                                                                                                                                                      weight divided by height in square metres
## 47                                                                                                                                                      weight divided by height in square metres
## 48                                                                                                                                                      weight divided by height in square metres
## 49                                                                                                                                                      weight divided by height in square metres
## 50                                                                                                                                                      weight divided by height in square metres
## 51                                                                                                                                                      weight divided by height in square metres
## 52                                                                                                                                                      weight divided by height in square metres
## 53                                                                                                                                                      weight divided by height in square metres
## 54                                                                                                                                                      weight divided by height in square metres
## 55                                                                                                                                                      weight divided by height in square metres
## 56                                                                                                                                                      weight divided by height in square metres
## 57                                                                                                                                                      weight divided by height in square metres
## 58                                                                                                                                                      weight divided by height in square metres
## 59                                                                                                                                                      weight divided by height in square metres
## 60                                                                                                                                                      weight divided by height in square metres
## 61                                                                                                                                                      weight divided by height in square metres
## 62                                                                                                                                                      weight divided by height in square metres
## 63                                                                                                                                                      weight divided by height in square metres
## 64                                                                                                                                                      weight divided by height in square metres
## 65                                                                                                                                                      weight divided by height in square metres
## 66                                                                                                                                                      weight divided by height in square metres
## 67                                                                                                                                                      weight divided by height in square metres
## 68                                                                                                                                                      weight divided by height in square metres
## 69                                                                                                                                                      weight divided by height in square metres
## 70                                                                                                                                                      weight divided by height in square metres
## 71                                                                                                                                                      weight divided by height in square metres
## 72                                                                                                                                                      weight divided by height in square metres
## 73                                                                                                                                                      weight divided by height in square metres
## 74                                                                                                                                                      weight divided by height in square metres
## 75                                                                                                                                                      weight divided by height in square metres
## 76                                                                                                                                                       weight divided by heigh in square metres
## 77                                                                                                                                                      weight divided by height in square metres
## 78                                                                                                                                                      weight divided by height in square metres
## 79                                                                                                                                                      weight divided by height in square metres
## 80                                                                                                                                                      weight divided by height in square metres
## 81                                                                                                                                                      weight divided by height in square metres
## 82                                                                                                                                                      weight divided by height in square metres
## 83                                                                                                                                                      weight divided by height in square metres
## 84                                                                                                                                                      weight divided by height in square metres
## 85                                                                                                                                                      weight divided by height in square metres
## 86                                                                                                                                                       Weight divided by heigh in square metres
## 87                                                                                                                                                      weight divided by height in square metres
## 88                                                                                                                                                      weight divided by height in square metres
## 89                                                                                                                                                       weight divided by height I square metres
## 90                                                                                                                                                      weight divided by height in square metres
## 91                                                                                                                                                                MRI scan on body fat percentage
## 92                                                                                                                                           MRI scan of body fat percentage-favourable adiposity
## 93                                                                                                                                                        MRI scan to measure body fat percentage
## 94                                                                                                                                                                MRI scan of body fat percentage
## 95                                                                                                                                                             MRI scan of body fat percentage-FA
## 96                                                                                                                                                                MRI scan of body fat percentage
## 97                                                                                                                                                                MRI scan of body fat percentage
## 98                                                                                                                                                               MRI scan for body fat percentage
## 99                                                                                                                                                               MRI scan for body fat percentage
## 100                                                                                                                                                               MRI scan of body fat percentage
## 101                                                                                                                                                               MRI scan of body fat percentage
## 102                                                                                                                                                               MRI scan of body fat percentage
## 103                                                                                                                                                     weight divided by height in square metres
## 104                                                                                                                                                     weight divided by height in square metres
## 105                                                                                                                                                     weight divided by height in square metres
## 106                                                                                                                                                     weight divided by height in square metres
## 107                                                                                                                                                                   waistband hip circumference
## 108                                                                                                                                                      MRI scan of VAT from original GWAS (UKB)
## 109                                                                                                                                                     weight divided by height in square metres
## 110                                                                                                                                                     weight divided by height in square metres
## 111                                                                                                                                                             waist and hip circumference ratio
## 112                                                                                                                                                               Bioelectric impedance analysers
## 113                                                                                                                                                              Bioelectrical impedance analyser
## 114                                                                                                                                                     weight divided by height in square metres
## 115                                                                                                                                                     weight divided by height in square metres
## 116                                                                                                                                                             waist and hip circumference ratio
## 117                                                                                                                                                     weight divided by height in square metres
## 118                                                                                                                                                     weight divided by height in square metres
## 119                                                                                                                                                     weight divided by height in square metres
## 120                                                                                                                                                             waist and hip circumference ratio
## 121                                                                                                                                                               bioelectric impedance analyser 
## 122                                                                                                                                              MRI scan for VAT in UKBiobank for original GWAS 
## 123                                                                                                                                                                       MRI scan in UKB for VAT
## 124                                                                                                                                                     weight divided by height in square metres
## 125                                                                                                                                                                         Bioelectric impedance
## 126                                                                                                                                                                         Bioelectric impedance
## 127                                                                                                                                                                         MR scan of VAT in UKB
## 128                                                                                                                                                             waist and hip circumference ratio
## 129                                                                                                                                                     weight divided by height in square metres
## 130                                                                                                                                                     weight divided by height in square metres
## 131                                                                                                                                                                     Bioimpedance measurements
## 132                                                                                                                                                     weight divided by height in square metres
## 133                                                                                                                                                                                  Bioimpedance
## 134                                                                                                                                                  Bioimpedance measures of body fat percentage
## 135 weight divided by height in square metres. Height measure to the nearest centimetre using a Seca 202 device and weight to the nearest  0.1 kg using Tanita BC418MA body composition analyzer.
## 136                                                                                                                                                    Bioelectric impedance(fat mass percentage)
## 137                                                                                                                                                   waist circumference divided by height(WHtR)
## 138                                                                                                                                                     weight divided by height in square metres
## 139                                                                                                                                                             Bioimpedance -fat mass percentage
## 140                                                                                                                                                         waist circumference divided by height
## 141                                                                                                                                                     weight divided by height in square metres
## 142                                                                                                                                                     weight divided by height in square metres
## 143                                                                                                                                                     weight divided by height in square metres
## 144                                                                                                                                                     weight divided by height in square metres
## 145                                                                                                                                                     weight divided by height in square metres
## 146                                                                                                                                                     weight divided by height in square metres
## 147                                                                                                                                                     weight divided by height in square metres
##     exposurenotes outcomeid_resultsid outcomeid.y                outcomename
## 1           Adult              O2_R57          O2                        SBP
## 2           Adult              O3_R58          O3                        DBP
## 3           Adult               03_R3          O3                        DBP
## 4           Adult               02_R4          O2                        SBP
## 5           Adult               O1_R2          O1               hypertension
## 6           Adult               O1_R1          O1               hypertension
## 7           Adult              O2_R92          O2                        SBP
## 8           Adult              O3_R93          O3                        DBP
## 9           Adult              O3_R77          O3                        DBP
## 10          Adult              03_R79          O3                        DBP
## 11          Adult              O3_R80          O3                        DBP
## 12          Adult              02_R81          O2                        SBP
## 13          Adult              O2_R82          O2                        SBP
## 14          Adult              O3_R83          O3                        DBP
## 15          Adult              O2_R84          O2                        SBP
## 16          Adult              O2_R78          O2                        SBP
## 17          Adult              O2_R86          O2                        SBP
## 18          Adult              O3_R85          O3                        DBP
## 19      Childhood               O2_R7          O2                        SBP
## 20      Childhood               02_R5          O2                        SBP
## 21      Childhood               O2_R6          O2                        SBP
## 22          Adult              O3_R44          O3                        DBP
## 23          Adult              O2_R43          O2                        SBP
## 24          Adult              O1_R42          O1               hypertension
## 25          Adult             O1_R108          O1               hypertension
## 26          Adult             01_R109          O1               hypertension
## 27          Adult              O2_R74          O2                        SBP
## 28          Adult              O2_R76          O2                        SBP
## 29          Adult              O2_R73          O2                        SBP
## 30          Adult              O2_R75          O2                        SBP
## 31          Adult              O1_R59          O1               hypertension
## 32          Adult              O1_R64          O1               hypertension
## 33          Adult              O1_R65          O1               hypertension
## 34          Adult              01_R67          O1               hypertension
## 35          Adult              O1_R63          O1               hypertension
## 36          Adult              O1_R68          O1               hypertension
## 37          Adult              O1_R66          O1               hypertension
## 38          Adult              O1_R10          O1               hypertension
## 39          Adult               O1_R8          O1               hypertension
## 40          Adult              01_R11          O1               hypertension
## 41          Adult               O1_R9          O1               hypertension
## 42          Adult              O3_R41          O3                        DBP
## 43      Childhood             03_R123          O3                        DBP
## 44      Childhood             O2_R121          O2                        SBP
## 45      Childhood             O3_R122          O3                        DBP
## 46      Childhood             O2_R120          O2                        SBP
## 47          Adult              O1_R15          O1               hypertension
## 48          Adult              O1_R14          O1               hypertension
## 49          Adult              O1_R19          O1               hypertension
## 50          Adult              O1_R20          O1               hypertension
## 51          Adult              O1_R21          O1               hypertension
## 52          Adult              O1_R22          O1               hypertension
## 53          Adult              O1_R17          O1               hypertension
## 54          Adult              O1_R16          O1               hypertension
## 55          Adult              O1_R23          O1               hypertension
## 56          Adult              O1_R18          O1               hypertension
## 57          Adult              O1_R13          O1               hypertension
## 58          Adult              O1_R24          O1               hypertension
## 59          Adult             O4_R124          O4                        PAP
## 60          Adult              O1_R47          O1               hypertension
## 61          Adult              O1_R51          O1               hypertension
## 62          Adult              O1_R54          O1               hypertension
## 63          Adult              O1_R55          O1               hypertension
## 64          Adult              O1_R52          O1               hypertension
## 65          Adult              O1_R49          O1               hypertension
## 66          Adult              O1_R50          O1               hypertension
## 67          Adult              O1_R48          O1               hypertension
## 68          Adult              O1_R56          O1               hypertension
## 69          Adult              O1_R53          O1               hypertension
## 70          Adult              O1_R88          O1               hypertension
## 71          Adult              O1_R91          O1               hypertension
## 72          Adult              O1_R89          O1               hypertension
## 73          Adult              O1_R90          O1               hypertension
## 74          Adult              O1_R87          O1               hypertension
## 75      Childhood              O1_R27          O1               hypertension
## 76      Childhood              O1_R29          O1               hypertension
## 77      Childhood              O1_R30          O1               hypertension
## 78          Adult              O1_R35          O1               hypertension
## 79      Childhood              O1_R32          O1               hypertension
## 80          Adult              O1_R33          O1               hypertension
## 81          Adult              O1_R34          O1               hypertension
## 82          Adult              O1_R39          O1               hypertension
## 83      Childhood              O1_R28          O1               hypertension
## 84          Adult              O1_R40          O1               hypertension
## 85          Adult              O1_R38          O1               hypertension
## 86      Childhood              O1_R25          O1               hypertension
## 87      Childhood              O1_R31          O1               hypertension
## 88          Adult              O1_R36          O1               hypertension
## 89          Adult              O1_R37          O1               hypertension
## 90      Childhood              01_R26          O1               hypertension
## 91          Adult             O1_R101          O1               hypertension
## 92          Adult              O1_R99          O1               hypertension
## 93          Adult              O1_R96          O1               hypertension
## 94          Adult             O1_R106          O1               hypertension
## 95          Adult             O1_R107          O1               hypertension
## 96          Adult             O1_R103          O1               hypertension
## 97          Adult             O1_R100          O1               hypertension
## 98          Adult              O1_R98          O1               hypertension
## 99          Adult             O1_R102          O1               hypertension
## 100         Adult             O1_R105          O1               hypertension
## 101         Adult              O1_R97          O1               hypertension
## 102         Adult             O1_R104          O1               hypertension
## 103     Childhood             O1_R112          O1               hypertension
## 104     Childhood             O1_R111          O1               hypertension
## 105     Childhood             O1_R110          O1               hypertension
## 106     Childhood             O1_R113          O1               hypertension
## 107         Adult             O2_R130          O2                        SBP
## 108         Adult             O2_R128          O2                        SBP
## 109         Adult             O2_R132          O2                        SBP
## 110         Adult             O2_R125          O2                        SBP
## 111         Adult             O3_R138          O3                        DBP
## 112         Adult             O2_R131          O2                        SBP
## 113         Adult             O2_R127          O2                        SBP
## 114         Adult             O2_R129          O2                        SBP
## 115         Adult             O2_R141          O2                        SBP
## 116         Adult             02_R142          O2                        SBP
## 117         Adult             O2_R143          O2                        SBP
## 118         Adult             O2_R144          O2                        SBP
## 119         Adult             O3_R133          O3                        DBP
## 120         Adult             O3_R134          O3                        DBP
## 121         Adult             O3_R135          O3                        DBP
## 122         Adult             O3_R136          O3                        DBP
## 123         Adult             O3_R148          O3                        DBP
## 124         Adult             O3_R137          O3                        DBP
## 125         Adult             O3_R139          O3                        DBP
## 126         Adult             O3_R147          O3                        DBP
## 127         Adult             O3_R140          O3                        DBP
## 128         Adult             O3_R146          O3                        DBP
## 129         Adult             O3_R145          O3                        DBP
## 130     Childhood              O1_R95          O1               hypertension
## 131         Adult              O1_R71          O1               hypertension
## 132         Adult              O1_R69          O1               hypertension
## 133         Adult              O1_R72          O1               hypertension
## 134         Adult              O1_R70          O1               hypertension
## 135         Adult              O3_R12          O3                        DBP
## 136     Childhood             O2_R116          O2                        SBP
## 137     Childhood             O2_R115          O2                        SBP
## 138     Childhood             O2_R114          O2                        SBP
## 139     Childhood             O3_R119          O3                        DBP
## 140     Childhood             O3_R118          O3                        DBP
## 141     Childhood             O3_R117          O3                        DBP
## 142         Adult              06_R94          O6 Grade1diastolicdysfunction
## 143         Adult              O1_R62          O1               hypertension
## 144         Adult              O1_R61          O1               hypertension
## 145         Adult              O1_R60          O1               hypertension
## 146         Adult              O2_R45          O2                        SBP
## 147         Adult              O2_R46          O2                        SBP
##                                                                                                                                                                               outcomemeasured
## 1                                                                                               Measured using automatic digital blood pressure monitor moderated elevated BP(SBP > 140mm Hg)
## 2                                                                                                               Measured using automatic digital blood pressure monitor elevated DBP >90mm Hg
## 3                                                                                                                Self reporting, biochemical measurement, health registry and medical records
## 4                                                                                                                 self reported, biochemical measurement, health registry and medical records
## 5                                                                                                                 self reported, biochemical measurement, health registry and medical records
## 6                                                                                                                 Self reported, biochemical measurement, health registry and medical records
## 7                                                                                                                                                                                            
## 8                                                                                                                                                                                            
## 9                                                                                                                                                                                            
## 10                                                                                                                                                                                           
## 11                                                                                                                                                                                           
## 12                                                                                                                                                                                           
## 13                                                                                                                                                                                           
## 14                                                                                                                                                                                           
## 15                                                                                                                                                                                           
## 16                                                                                                                                                                                           
## 17                                                                                                                                                                                           
## 18                                                                                                                                                                                           
## 19                                                                                                                                                                             ALSPAC (mm Hg)
## 20                                                                                                                                                                             ALSPAC (mm Hg)
## 21                                                                                                                                                                            ALSPAC (mm Hg) 
## 22                                                                                                                                                            digital blood pressure monitors
## 23                                                                                                                                                       Using digital blood pressure monitor
## 24                                                                                                     Self reporting use of antihypertensive medication and having received doctor diagnosis
## 25                                                    BP measured using mercury sphygmanometers (hypertensive SBP>140 or >90mm Hg for DBP) using antihypertensive within the 10 year followup
## 26                                                                                                  systolic /diastolic greater than 140mm Hg and 90 mm Hg respectively and use of medication
## 27                                                                                                                                                                                           
## 28                                                                                                                                                                                           
## 29                                                                                                                                                                                           
## 30                                                                                                                                                                                           
## 31                                                                                                                                                       hypertension as defined in UKBiobank
## 32                                                                                                                                             ICD 9 and 10, self reporting(doctors diagnosis
## 33                                                                                                                                             ICD 9 and 10, self diagnosis(doctor diagnosis)
## 34                                                                                                                                             ICD 9 and 10, self reporting(doctor diagnosis)
## 35                                                                                                                                             arterial hypertension aș assessed in UKBiobank
## 36                                                                                                                                            ICD 9 and 10, self reporting (Doctor diagnosis)
## 37                                                                                                                                             ICD 9 and 10, self diagnosis(doctor diagnosis)
## 38                                                                                                                                                                                           
## 39                                                                                                                                                                                           
## 40                                                                                                                                                                                           
## 41                                                                                                                                                                                           
## 42                                                                                                                                                                                           
## 43                                                                                                                                                                                           
## 44                                                                                                                                                                                           
## 45                                                                                                                                                                                           
## 46                                                                                                                                                                                           
## 47                                                                          Self reported high blood pressure with current antihypertensive medication and SBP/DBP greater than 140/90 mm Hg.
## 48                                                         self reported high blood pressure defined as either currently taking medication or SBP /DBP greater than 140/90 mm Hg respectively
## 49                                                                        Self reporting of high blood pressure , current use of medication or SBP/DBP greater than 140/90 mm Hg respectively
## 50                                                                                             Self reporting of high blood pressure; current medication or SBP/DBP greater than 140/90 mm Hg
## 51                                                                                             Self reporting of high blood pressure with medication use or SBP/DBP greater than 140/90 mm Hg
## 52                                                                                                                                                      self reporting of high blood pressure
## 53                                                                               self reported high blood pressure , current antihypertensive medication or SBP/DBP greater than 140/90 mm Hg
## 54                                                                                                          Self reported with current use of medication or SBP/DBP greater than 140/90 mm Hg
## 55                                                                                                                                                      Self reporting of high blood pressure
## 56                                                                     self reporting defined as current use of antihypertensive medication or SBP/DBP greater than 140/90 mm Hg respectively
## 57  Self reported high blood pressure defined as either currently taking anti-hypertensive medication ad having systolic or diastolic blood pressure above 140mm Hg or 90 mm Hg respectively.
## 58                                                                                                                                                      Self reporting of high blood pressure
## 59                                                                                                                                                                                           
## 60                                                                                                                                                           ICD 10 from discharge registries
## 61                                                                                                                                                      I10 diagnosis in discharge registries
## 62                                                                                                                                                    I10 diagnosis of essential hypertension
## 63                                                                                                                                                    I10 diagnosis of essential hypertension
## 64                                                                                                                                                   I10 diagnosis for essential hypertension
## 65                                                                                                                                                       I10 diagnosis , discharge registries
## 66                                                                                                                                                      I10 diagnosis in discharge registries
## 67                                                                                                                                                      I10 diagnosis in discharge registries
## 68                                                                                                                                                                 self reported hypertension
## 69                                                                                                                                                    I10 diagnosis of essential hypertension
## 70                                                                                                                                                                                           
## 71                                                                                                                                                                                           
## 72                                                                                                                                                                                           
## 73                                                                                                                                                                                           
## 74                                                                                                                                                                                           
## 75                                                                                                                                                                 I10 Essential hypertension
## 76                                                                                                                           Vascular/heart problems diagnosed by doctor: High blood pressure
## 77                                                                                                                           Vascular/heart problems diagnosed by doctor: High blood pressure
## 78                                                                                                                                                                                           
## 79                                                                                                                           Vascular/heart problems diagnosed by doctor: high blood pressure
## 80                                                                                                                                                                                           
## 81                                                                                                                                                                                           
## 82                                                                                                                            Vascular/heart problems diagnosed by doctor:high blood pressure
## 83                                                                                                                                                                 I10 Essential hypertension
## 84                                                                                                                            Vascular/heart problems diagnosed by doctor:high blood pressure
## 85                                                                                                                           Vascular/heart problems diagnosed by doctor: high blood pressure
## 86                                                                                                                                                         I10 Essential primary hypertension
## 87                                                                                                                            Vascular/heart problems diagnosed by doctor:high blood pressure
## 88                                                                                                                                                                                           
## 89                                                                                                                            Vascular/heart problems diagnosed by doctor:high blood pressure
## 90                                                                                                                                                                 I10 Essential hypertension
## 91                                                                                                                                                                                           
## 92                                                                                                                                                                                           
## 93                                                                                                                                                                                           
## 94                                                                                                                                                                                           
## 95                                                                                                                                                                                           
## 96                                                                                                                                                                                           
## 97                                                                                                                                                                                           
## 98                                                                                                                                                                                           
## 99                                                                                                                                                                                           
## 100                                                                                                                                                                                          
## 101                                                                                                                                                                                          
## 102                                                                                                                                                                                          
## 103                                                                                                                                                                                          
## 104                                                                                                                                                                                          
## 105                                                                                                                                                                                          
## 106                                                                                                                                                                                          
## 107                                                                                                                                                                                          
## 108                                                                                                                                                                                          
## 109                                                                                                                                                                                          
## 110                                                                                                                                                     Manual measurement of SBP at baseline
## 111                                                                                                                                                                                          
## 112                                                                                                                                                                                          
## 113                                                                                                                                                                                          
## 114                                                                                                                                                                                          
## 115                                                                                                                                                                                          
## 116                                                                                                                                                                                          
## 117                                                                                                                                                                                          
## 118                                                                                                                                                                                          
## 119                                                                                                                                                                                          
## 120                                                                                                                                                                                          
## 121                                                                                                                                                                                          
## 122                                                                                                                                                                                          
## 123                                                                                                                                                                                          
## 124                                                                                                                                                                                          
## 125                                                                                                                                                                                          
## 126                                                                                                                                                                                          
## 127                                                                                                                                                                                          
## 128                                                                                                                                                                                          
## 129                                                                                                                                                                                          
## 130                                                                                                                                                                                          
## 131                                                                                                                                                                                          
## 132                                                                                                                                                                                          
## 133                                                                                                                                                                                          
## 134                                                                                                                                                                                          
## 135                                                                                                                                 An automated reading form an Moron blood pressure monitor
## 136                                                                                                                                                                                          
## 137                                                                                                                                                                                          
## 138                                                                                                                                                                                          
## 139                                                                                                                                                                                          
## 140                                                                                                                                                                                          
## 141                                                                                                                                                                                          
## 142                                                                                                                                                            Transthoracic echocardiography
## 143                                                                                                                                                                                          
## 144                                                                                                                                                                                          
## 145                                                                                                                                                                 Fingenn study description
## 146                                                                                                                                                           Digital blood pressure monitors
## 147                                                                                                                                                           Digital blood pressure monitors
##     totalsamplesize_outcome X.cases_outcome control_outcome
## 1                     37011               0               0
## 2                     37010               0               0
## 3                    130380               0               0
## 4                    147644               0               0
## 5                       737             600             137
## 6                    155191           56271           98470
## 7                     30136               0               0
## 8                     30137               0               0
## 9                         0               0               0
## 10                    35518               0               0
## 11                    32596               0               0
## 12                    35681               0               0
## 13                    32989               0               0
## 14                    34333               0               0
## 15                    34459               0               0
## 16                   117781               0               0
## 17                    33094               0               0
## 18                    32664               0               0
## 19                     4641               0               0
## 20                     4641               0               0
## 21                     4641               0               0
## 22                   111638               0               0
## 23                   111637               0               0
## 24                    32874               0               0
## 25                     8832            4380            4452
## 26                     8832            4380            4452
## 27                        0               0               0
## 28                        0               0               0
## 29                        0               0               0
## 30                        0               0               0
## 31                        0               0               0
## 32                   367703          119500          248203
## 33                   367703          119500          248203
## 34                        0               0               0
## 35                   367703          119500          248203
## 36                        0               0               0
## 37                   367703          119500          248203
## 38                        0               0               0
## 39                   110585           25414           85171
## 40                        0               0               0
## 41                   109960           33744           76216
## 42                   105276               0               0
## 43                     2030               0               0
## 44                     2030               0               0
## 45                     2030               0               0
## 46                     2030               0               0
## 47                    61008               0               0
## 48                    61008               0               0
## 49                    61008               0               0
## 50                    61008               0               0
## 51                   223368               0               0
## 52                   223368               0               0
## 53                    61008               0               0
## 54                    61008               0               0
## 55                   223368               0               0
## 56                    61008               0               0
## 57                   354836               0               0
## 58                   223368               0               0
## 59                        0               0               0
## 60                   553225           70228          482997
## 61                    90215           15870           74345
## 62                   463010           54358          408652
## 63                   463010           54358          408652
## 64                   463010           54358          408652
## 65                    90215           15870           74345
## 66                    90215           15870           74345
## 67                    90215           15870           74345
## 68                   542933          199731          343202
## 69                   463010           54358          408652
## 70                   332382           62802          269580
## 71                   332382           62802          269580
## 72                   332382           62802          269580
## 73                   332382           62802          269580
## 74                        0               0               0
## 75                        0               0               0
## 76                        0               0               0
## 77                        0               0               0
## 78                        0               0               0
## 79                        0               0               0
## 80                        0               0               0
## 81                        0               0               0
## 82                        0               0               0
## 83                        0               0               0
## 84                        0               0               0
## 85                        0               0               0
## 86                        0               0               0
## 87                        0               0               0
## 88                        0               0               0
## 89                        0               0               0
## 90                        0               0               0
## 91                   451025          101426          349599
## 92                   451025          101426          349599
## 93                   140790           43576           97214
## 94                   140790           43576           97214
## 95                   140790           43576           97214
## 96                   451025          101426          349599
## 97                   451025          101426          349599
## 98                   451025          101426          349599
## 99                   451025          101426          349599
## 100                  140790           43576           97214
## 101                  140790           43576           97214
## 102                  140790           43576           97214
## 103                  463010           54358          408652
## 104                  463010           54358          408652
## 105                  463010           54358          408652
## 106                  463010           54358          408652
## 107                   29247               0               0
## 108                    9140               0               0
## 109                   29247               0               0
## 110                    9140               0               0
## 111                   29247               0               0
## 112                   29274               0               0
## 113                    9140               0               0
## 114                   29247               0               0
## 115                    9041               0               0
## 116                    9041               0               0
## 117                    9041               0               0
## 118                    9041               0               0
## 119                    9140               0               0
## 120                    9140               0               0
## 121                    9140               0               0
## 122                    9140               0               0
## 123                    9041               0               0
## 124                   29247               0               0
## 125                   29247               0               0
## 126                    9041               0               0
## 127                   29247               0               0
## 128                    9041               0               0
## 129                    9041               0               0
## 130                       0               0               0
## 131                       0               0               0
## 132                       0               0               0
## 133                       0               0               0
## 134                       0               0               0
## 135                       0               0               0
## 136                    3266               0               0
## 137                    3266               0               0
## 138                    3266               0               0
## 139                    3266               0               0
## 140                    3266               0               0
## 141                    3266               0               0
## 142                    2440             668            1772
## 143                   96499            3363           93136
## 144                   96499            3363           93136
## 145                   96499            3363           93136
## 146                       0               0               0
## 147                       0               0               0
##                                    outcomenotes notesid no_ofIVs
## 1                       Systolic blood pressure     N57        2
## 2                      Diastolic blood pressure     N58        2
## 3             diastolic blood pressure in mm Hg      N3        1
## 4              systolic blood pressure in mm Hg      N4        1
## 5                         Incident hypertension      N2        1
## 6                             Ever hypertension      N1        1
## 7                       Systolic blood pressure     N92       14
## 8                      Diastolic blood pressure     N93       14
## 9                      Diastolic blood pressure     N77       32
## 10                     Diastolic blood pressure     N79       32
## 11                     Diastolic blood pressure     N80       32
## 12                      Systolic blood pressure     N81       32
## 13                      Systolic blood pressure     N82       32
## 14                     Diastolic blood pressure     N83       32
## 15                      Systolic blood pressure     N84       32
## 16                      Systolic blood pressure     N78       32
## 17                      Systolic blood pressure     N86       32
## 18                     Diastolic blood pressure     N85       32
## 19  systolic blood pressure not log transformed      N7        1
## 20  systolic blood pressure not log transformed      N5       32
## 21  systolic blood pressure not log transformed      N6       31
## 22                     Diastolic blood pressure     N44       93
## 23                      Systolic blood pressure     N43       93
## 24                                 Hypertension     N42       93
## 25                                 Hypertension    N108        2
## 26                                 Hypertension    N109        2
## 27                      Systolic blood pressure     N74       96
## 28                      Systolic blood pressure     N76       96
## 29                      Systolic blood pressure     N73       96
## 30                      Systolic blood pressure     N75       96
## 31                                 Hypertension     N59       97
## 32                        Arterial hypertension     N64       96
## 33                        Arterial hypertension     N65       96
## 34                        Arterial hypertension     N67       82
## 35                        Arterial hypertension     N63       96
## 36                        Arterial hypertension     N68       82
## 37                        Arterial hypertension     N66       96
## 38                                 Hypertension     N10       44
## 39                                 Hypertension      N8       44
## 40                                 Hypertension     N11       44
## 41                                 hypertension      N9       44
## 42                     Diastolic blood pressure     N41       96
## 43                     Diastolic blood pressure    N123        5
## 44                      Systolic blood pressure    N121        5
## 45                     Diastolic blood pressure    N122        5
## 46                      Systolic blood pressure    N120        5
## 47                          High blood pressure     N15       79
## 48                          High blood pressure     N14       79
## 49                          High blood pressure     N19       79
## 50                          High blood pressure     N20       79
## 51                          High blood pressure     N21       64
## 52                          High blood pressure     N22       64
## 53                          High blood pressure     N17       79
## 54                          High blood pressure     N16       79
## 55                          High blood pressure     N23       64
## 56                          High blood pressure     N18       79
## 57                          High blood pressure     N13       79
## 58                          High blood pressure     N24       64
## 59              Pulmonary arterial hypertension    N124       64
## 60              Essential(primary) hypertension     N47      812
## 61               Essential(primary)hypertension     N51      810
## 62               Essential(primary)hypertension     N54      832
## 63               Essential(primary)hypertension     N55      816
## 64               essential(primary)hypertension     N52      832
## 65              Essential(primary) hypertension     N49      812
## 66              Essential(primary) hypertension     N50      812
## 67              Essential(primary) hypertension     N48      812
## 68                                 Hypertension     N56      832
## 69               Essential(primary)hypertension     N53      832
## 70                                                  N88       76
## 71                                 Hypertension     N91       59
## 72                                 Hypertension     N89       76
## 73                                 Hypertension     N90       76
## 74                                 Hypertension     N87       76
## 75                       Essential hypertension     N27       13
## 76                          High blood pressure     N29       13
## 77                          High blood pressure     N30       13
## 78                   I10 Essential hypertension     N35       76
## 79                          High blood pressure     N32       13
## 80                   I10 Essential hypertension     N33       76
## 81                   I10 Essential hypertension     N34       76
## 82                          High blood pressure     N39       76
## 83                       Essential hypertension     N28       13
## 84                          High blood pressure     N40       76
## 85                          High blood pressure     N38       76
## 86                       Essential hypertension     N25       13
## 87                          High blood pressure     N31       13
## 88                   I10 essential hypertension     N36       76
## 89                          High blood pressure     N37       76
## 90                       Essential hypertension     N26       13
## 91                                 Hypertension    N101       38
## 92                                 Hypertension     N99       36
## 93                                 Hypertension     N96       38
## 94                                 Hypertension    N106       36
## 95                                 Hypertension    N107       36
## 96                                 Hypertension    N103       36
## 97                                 Hypertension    N100       38
## 98                                 Hypertension     N98       38
## 99                                 Hypertension    N102       36
## 100                                Hypertension    N105       38
## 101                                Hypertension     N97       36
## 102                                Hypertension    N104       38
## 103                                Hypertension    N112       16
## 104                                Hypertension    N111        7
## 105                                hypertension    N110        7
## 106                                Hypertension    N113       16
## 107                     Systolic blood pressure    N130      324
## 108                     Systolic blood pressure    N128      208
## 109                     Systolic blood pressure    N132      208
## 110                     Systolic blood pressure    N125      565
## 111                    Diastolic blood pressure    N138      324
## 112                     Systolic blood pressure    N131       81
## 113                     Systolic blood pressure    N127       81
## 114                     Systolic blood pressure    N129      565
## 115                     Systolic blood pressure    N141      565
## 116                     Systolic blood pressure    N142      324
## 117                     Systolic blood pressure    N143       81
## 118                     Systolic blood pressure    N144      208
## 119                    Diastolic blood pressure    N133      565
## 120                    Diastolic blood pressure    N134      324
## 121                    Diastolic blood pressure    N135       81
## 122                    Diastolic blood pressure    N136      208
## 123                    Diastolic blood pressure    N148      208
## 124                    Diastolic blood pressure    N137      565
## 125                    Diastolic blood pressure    N139       81
## 126                    Diastolic blood pressure    N147       81
## 127                    Diastolic blood pressure    N140      208
## 128                    Diastolic blood pressure    N146      324
## 129                    Diastolic blood pressure    N145      565
## 130                                Hypertension     N95      295
## 131                                Hypertension     N71       36
## 132                                Hypertension     N69       73
## 133                                Hypertension     N72       38
## 134                                Hypertension     N70      696
## 135                    Diastolic blood pressure     N12       93
## 136                     Systolic blood pressure    N116        4
## 137                     Systolic blood pressure    N115        4
## 138                     Systolic blood pressure    N114        4
## 139                    Diastolic blood pressure    N119        4
## 140                    Diastolic blood pressure    N118        4
## 141                    Diastolic blood pressure    N117        4
## 142               Grade 1 Diastolic Dysfunction     N94        0
## 143                    Gestational hypertension     N62       14
## 144                    Gestational hypertension     N61       14
## 145                    Gestational hypertension     N60       14
## 146                     Systolic blood pressure     N45       95
## 147                     Systolic blood pressure     N46       95
##                                                                                         unitsofmeasurement
## 1                                            SBP  estimated increase in mm Hg for each 10% increase in BMI
## 2                                            DBP  estimated increase in mm Hg for each 10% increase in BMI
## 3                                                                         one unit increase in BMI (kg/m2)
## 4                                                                         one unit increase in BMI (kg/m2)
## 5                                                                         one unit increase in BMI (kg/m2)
## 6                                                                         one unit increase in BMI (kg/m2)
## 7                                          Estimates are per 1 kg/m2 increase in genetically predicted BMI
## 8                                          Estimates are per 1 kg/m2 increase in genetically predicted BMI
## 9                                                                 Effect per SD change of BMI on trait(SD)
## 10                                                                effect per SD change of BMI on trait(SD)
## 11                                                                effect per SD change of BMI on trait(SD)
## 12                                                               effect per SD change of BMI on trait (SD)
## 13                                                          effect per SD change in BMI on trait(SD scale)
## 14                                                         effect per SD change of BMI on trait (SD scale)
## 15                                                                         effect per SD change of BMI(SD)
## 16                                                                                                        
## 17                                                                         effect per SD change of BMI(SD)
## 18                                                         effect per SD change of BMI on trait (SD scale)
## 19                                            IV estimate of SD change of SBP for a 1 SD change of log BMI
## 20                                           IV estimate of SD change of SBP for a 1 SD change of log BMI 
## 21                                            IV estimate of SD change of SBP for a 1 SD change of log BMI
## 22                                1 SD (4.8KG/M2) change in BMI , mm Hg (unstandardised beta coefficients)
## 23                                                       1 SD (4.8kg/m2) change in BMI per change in mm Hg
## 24                                                                       Per 1 SD change in BMI (4.8kg/m2)
## 25                                                                                1 kg/m2 increase in BMI 
## 26                                                                                 1 Kg/m2 increase in BMI
## 27                                                                                                        
## 28                                                                                                        
## 29                                                                                                        
## 30                                                                                                        
## 31                             1 SD increase in BMI allele score proportional to 0.64kg/m2 increase in BMI
## 32                                                Genetically predicted 1kg/m2 increase in body mass index
## 33                                                Genetically predicted 1kg/m2 increase in body mass index
## 34                                                 Genetically predicted 1kg/m2 increase in fat mass index
## 35                                                Genetically predicted 1kg/m2 increase in body mass index
## 36                                            Genetically predicted 1kg/m2 increase in fat-free mass index
## 37                                                Genetically predicted 1kg/m2 increase in body mass index
## 38                                        ORs are given per 1 kg increase in visceral adipose tissue (VAT)
## 39                                        ORs are given per 1 kg increase in visceral adipose tissue (VAT)
## 40                                        ORs are given per 1 kg increase in visceral adipose tissue (VAT)
## 41                                        ORs are given per 1 kg increase in visceral adipose tissue (VAT)
## 42                                                      percentage change in DBP due to a 1% change in BMI
## 43                                                                            1 SD increase in WHR (0.064)
## 44                                                                 1 SD increase in waist hip ratio(0.064)
## 45                                                                       1 SD increase in BMI (4.796kg/m2)
## 46                                                                       1 SD increase in BMI (4.796kg/m2)
## 47                       Each unit increase in BMI increased high blood pressure by 1.13 percentage points
## 48                          Each unit increase in BMI increased the risk of having high blood pressure by 
## 49                        Each unit increase in BMI increases high blood pressure by 1.42 percentage point
## 50                        Each unit increase in BMI increased high blood pressure by 0.47 percentage point
## 51                         Each unit increase in BMI increases high blood pressure by 1.26percentage point
## 52                        Each unit increase in BMI increases high blood pressure by 1.38 percentage point
## 53                       Each unit increase in BMI increased high blood pressure by 0.76 percentage points
## 54                       Each unit increase in BMI increased high blood pressure by 0.83 percentage points
## 55                        Each unit increase in BMI increases high blood pressure by 1.38 percentage point
## 56                        Each unit increase in BMI increased high blood pressure by 1.04 percentage point
## 57       Each unit increase BMI increased the risk of having high blood pressure by 1.59 percentage points
## 58                        Each unit increase in BMI increases high blood pressure by 0.92 percentage point
## 59                                                                                                        
## 60                                                                                Per 1 SD increase in BMI
## 61                                                                                per 1 SD increase in BMI
## 62                                                                                per 1 SD increase in BMI
## 63                                                                                per 1 SD increase in BMI
## 64                                                                                per 1 SD increase in BMI
## 65                                                                                per 1 SD increase in BMI
## 66                                                                                per 1 SD increase in BMI
## 67                                                                                Per 1 SD increase in BMI
## 68                                                                                per 1 SD increase in BMI
## 69                                                                                per 1 SD increase in BMI
## 70                                                                   OR per 1 SD or 4.1kg/m2 of higher BMI
## 71                                                                   OR per 1 SD or 4.1kg/m2 of higher BMI
## 72                                                                   OR per 1 SD or 4.1kg/m2 of higher BMI
## 73                                                                  OR per 1 SD or 4.1 kg/m2 of higher BMI
## 74                                                                    OR per one SD or 4.1kg/m2 higher BMI
## 75                    1 SD increase in childhood BMI is associated with 11% odds of essential hypertension
## 76                         1 SD increase in childhood BMI associated with 14% odds for high blood pressure
## 77                      1 SD increase in childhood BMI is associated with 13% odds for high blood pressure
## 78                       1 SD increase in adult BMI is associated with 23% odds for essential hypertension
## 79                      1 SD increase in childhood BMI is associated with 37% odds for high blood pressure
## 80                       1 SD increase in adult BMI is associated with 21% odds for essential hypertension
## 81                       1 SD increase in adult BMI is associated with 23% odds for essential hypertension
## 82                          1 SD increase in adult BMI is associated with 30% odds for high blood pressure
## 83                    1 SD increase in childhood BMI is associated with 21% odds of essential hypertension
## 84                          1 SD increase in adult BMI is associated with 25% odds for high blood pressure
## 85                          1 SD increase in adult BMI is associated with 30% odds for high blood pressure
## 86            1 SD increase in childhood BMI was associated with 12% higher odds of essential hypertension
## 87                      1 SD increase in childhood BMI is associated with 14% odds for high blood pressure
## 88                       1 SD increase in adult BMI is associated with 14% odds for essential hypertension
## 89                           1 SD increase in adult BMI is associated with 31% odds of high blood pressure
## 90                    1 SD increase in childhood BMI is associated with 11% odds of essential hypertension
## 91                                                                                         1 SD higher UFA
## 92                                  1 SD higher genetically instrumented FA associated with decreased risk
## 93  A 1-SD higher genetically instrumented UFA (unfavourable adiposity) was associated with increased risk
## 94                                                                          1 SD genetically instrument FA
## 95                                                                        1 SD genetically instrumented FA
## 96                                                                        1 SD Genetically instrumented FA
## 97                                                                1 SD higher genetically instrumented UFA
## 98                       A 1 SD higher genetically instrumented UFA associated with increased risk in UKBB
## 99                                          1 SD higher genetically instrumented favourable adiposity (FA)
## 100                                                                          1 SD genetically instrumented
## 101                                1 SD higher genetically instrumented FA was associated with lower risk 
## 102                                                                      1 SD genetically instrumented UFA
## 103                                                                 Per 1 SD increase in childhood obesity
## 104                                                                 Per 1 SD increase in childhood obesity
## 105                                                         per 1 SD increase in childhood body mass index
## 106                                                                 Per 1 SD increase in childhood obesity
## 107                                                                                      Per 1 SD increase
## 108                                         Per 1 SD increase in VAT associated with 0.326 increase in SBP
## 109                                                                                              Per 1 SD 
## 110                                                                        Per 1 SD increase in GRS565 BMI
## 111                                                                                               Per 1 SD
## 112                                                                                              Per 1 SD 
## 113                                                                                               Per 1 SD
## 114                                                                                      Per 1 SD increase
## 115                                                                                               Per 1 SD
## 116                                                                                               Per 1 SD
## 117                                                                     Per 1 SD increase in BF percentage
## 118                                                                                               Per 1 SD
## 119                                                                                              Per 1 SD 
## 120                                                                                               Per 1 SD
## 121                                                                                               Per 1 SD
## 122                                                                                              Per 1 SD 
## 123                                                                                               Per 1 SD
## 124                                                                                              Per 1 SD 
## 125                                                                                               Per 1 SD
## 126                                                                                               Per 1 SD
## 127                                                                                               Per 1 SD
## 128                                                                                               Per 1 SD
## 129                                                                                               Per 1 SD
## 130                                                                 odds of each change in weight category
## 131                                                          Per 1 SD change in gnetically determined  BMI
## 132                                                          Per 1 SD change in gnetically determined  BMI
## 133                                                          Per 1 SD change in gnetically determined  BMI
## 134                                                          Per 1 SD change in gnetically determined  BMI
## 135                                                                                                       
## 136                                                         Per 1 SD increase in fat mass percentage(8.53)
## 137                                                                        per 1 SD increase in WHtR(0.07)
## 138                                                                      1 SD increase in BMI (4.93 kg/m2)
## 139                                                     Per 1 SD increase in fat mass percentage (FMP)8.53
## 140                                                                        Per 1 SD increase in WHtR(0.07)
## 141                                                                        1 SD increase in BMI(4.83kg/m2)
## 142                                                                                   1 SD increase in BMI
## 143                                                                                                       
## 144                                                                                                       
## 145                                                                                                       
## 146                                                                                                       
## 147                                                                                                       
##                                                                                                                                                                                                                    notes
## 1                                                       Log transformation of BMI to minimise skewness, 2 SNPs FTOrs9939609 and MC4Rrs17782313. To adjust for BP-lowering effect of medication 10 mm Hg was added to SBP
## 2                                                                                          Log transformation of BMI to minimise skewness, used 2 SNPs(FTO and MCR4). Adjust  for medication by 10mm Hg was added to DBP
## 3                                                                                                                                                                                             Metaanalysis of 29 studies
## 4                                                                                                                                                                                             Metaanalysis of 30 studies
## 5                                                                                                                                                                            Only one study, metaanalysis not performed.
## 6                                                                                                                                                                                            Metaanalysis of 27 studies.
## 7                                                                                                  BMI allele score of 14 SNPs.  A 1 kg/m2 increase in BMI increased SBP by 0.70 mmHg . 6 studies make up the population
## 8                                                                                                                    Genetic allele risk score of 14 SNPs. A kg//m2 increase in BMI increase DBP by 0.28 mmHg. 6 studies
## 9                                                                                           non weighted genetic risk score. nonstratified. 10mm Hg added to diastolic blood pressure where medication use was reported.
## 10                                                                                                                                                              Stratified by age <55 years. Use of genetic allele score
## 11                                                                                                                               Genetic allele score from 32 SNPs. Stratified by age greater than or equal to 55 years.
## 12                                                                                                                       unweighted genetic risk score. 15 mmHg added to SBP. stratified on basis of less than 55 years.
## 13                                                                                                                                                        Genetic allele score of 32 SNPs. greater or equal to 55 years.
## 14                                                                                                                                                        unweighted allelic score of 32 SNPs . stratified by sex(women)
## 15                                                                                                                                                      allelic risk score of 32 SNPs, stratified on basis of sex(women)
## 16                                                                                                                                       Non-weighted allelic score. 15mm Hg added to SBP where medication was reported.
## 17                                                                                                                                                   unweighted allelic risk score of 32 SNPs and stratified on sex; men
## 18                                                                                                                                                          unweighted allelic score of 32 SNPs, stratified on sex; men.
## 19                                                                                                                                                                          FTO SNP only used to compute for IV estimate
## 20                                                                                                                                             Test statistic is the mean difference (SD) per 1 SD greater log BMI age 8
## 21                                                                                                                                                                          IV estimated from 31 SNPs only excluding FTO
## 22  Polygenic risk score derived from 93 SNPs, adjusted for age, sex, 10 genetic PCs, alcohol intake, smoking, Townsend index and corrected for antihypertensive medication. Reported as unstandardised Beta coefficient
## 23                                                                                                                                                        Polygenic risk score from the 93 SNPs, Beta estimates in mm Hg
## 24                                                                                     The 1 SD represents 4.8kg/m2 change in BMI.  Model adjusted for age, sex, smoking,alcohol intake, towns scores and 10 genetic PCs
## 25                                                                                                                                                                          count genetic risk scores, Korean population
## 26                                                                                                                                                                        weighted genetic risk score, Korean population
## 27                                                                                                                             Allelic score computed from 96 variants and standardisation of BMI,SBP and allelic score.
## 28                                                                                                                   Allele score computed from 96 SNPs, BMI, SBP and allelic score standardised using z-transformation.
## 29                                                                        Construct weighted allelic score using estimates from GIANT consortium. BMI, SBP and allelic score standardised using a z-score transformation
## 30                                                                                                      Allelic score from 96 SNPs, BMI, SBP and allelic score standardisation using z-transformation. UKBiobank cohort.
## 31                                                       BMI is used as a surrogate of adiposity. Update MR method to MR pheWAS. 1 SD increase in BMI allele score is associated with a 0.64kg/m2 increase in BMI.      
## 32                                                                                                                                                                                      BMI as a surrogate for adiposity
## 33                                                                                                                                                                                      BMI as a surrogate for adiposity
## 34                                                                                           Fat mass index measured using bioelectrical impedance and calculated as analogous to BMI by dividing it with height squared
## 35                                                                                                                                                                                      BMI as a surrogate for adiposity
## 36                                                                                                                    Measured using bioelectric impedance and calculated analogous to BMI by dividing by height squared
## 37                                                                                                                                               BMI as a surrogate for adiposity. 11 outlier identified using MR-PRESSO
## 38                                                                                                                      They predicted VAT from that measured in 4198 individuals using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry
## 39                                                                                                                     They predicted VAT from that measured in 4198 individuals using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry.
## 40                                                                                                                      They predicted VAT from that measured in 4198 individuals using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry
## 41                                                                                                                      They predicted VAT from that measured in 4198 individuals using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry
## 42                                                                                                                                   log transformed the DBP and BMI due to skewness, 2SLS with zero invalid instruments
## 43                                                                                                                                                                                                    ALI and CPOOA, GRS
## 44                                                                                                                                                                                             ALIR and CPOOA study, GRS
## 45                                                                                                                                                                                             ALIR and CPOOA study, GRS
## 46                                                                                                                                                                                  ALIR AND CPOOA studies in China, GRS
## 47                                                                                                            Average across HUNT and UKBiobank among siblings with family fixed effects, weighted polygenic risk scores
## 48                                                                                                                                     average across HUNT and UKBiobank, individual participant data and among siblings
## 49                                                                                                              Average estimates in HUNT ad UKBiobank, weighted PRS, 2SMR using weighted modal, non overlapping samples
## 50                                                                                                              Average estimate across HUNT and UKBiobank study, MR-Egger slope, non-overlapping samples among siblings
## 51                                                                           Effect estimates from 23andme study, non-overlapping samples among siblings. Replication of results from HUNT and UKBiobank on 23andme data
## 52                                                                                 Effects estimates from 23andme study, non-overlapping sibling samples. Replication of results from HUNT and UKBiobank. Weigted median
## 53                                                                                Average across HUNT and UKBiobank among siblings, split sample meaning SNP-exposure and SNP-outcome was from different siblings; 2SMR.
## 54                                                                                              Average across HUNT and UKBiobank, weighted PRS among siblings. using 2SMR SNP-Exposure and SNP-outcome from same sample
## 55                                                                                           Effect estimates from 23andme, non-overlapping sibling samples and weighted mode, replication results of HUNT and UKBiobank
## 56                                                                                                     Effect estimates from 2SMR using weighted median, averaged from HUNT and UKBiobank study, non-overlapping samples
## 57                                   This entails an average estimate across HUNT and UK Biobank study. This analysis entails Individual participant data among the unrelated, using the weighted polygenic risk scores.
## 58                                                                                    Effect estimates from 23andme, replication results of HUNT and UKBiobank study; non-overlapping sibling samples and MR-Egger slope
## 59                                                                                                                                                                          Vanderbilts biobank, GIANT study, strict GRS
## 60                                                                                                   Use of individual SNPs, the result represents the pooled estimates from the two cohorts using a fixed effect model.
## 61                                                                                                                                                          Individual SNPs and results of FinnGen study using MR PRESSO
## 62                                                                                                                                        Individual SNPs and UKB study using MR-Egger-evidence for potential pleiotropy
## 63                                                                                                                                                                         Individual SNPs and UKB study using MR-PRESSO
## 64                                                                                                                                                                   Individual SNPs and results of UKBiobank using IVW 
## 65                                                                                                                                        Individual SNPs used and results of FinnGen study using weighted median method
## 66                                                                                                                                                           Individual SNPs and results of FinnGen study using MR-Egger
## 67                                                                                                                                                 Use of individual SNPs and results are specifically for FinnGen study
## 68                                                                                                                                                         Individual SNPs and UKB study with self reported hypertension
## 69                                                                                                                                                                   Individual SNPs and UKB study using weighted median
## 70                                                                                                                                                                                 Genetic allele score from 76 variants
## 71                                                                                                                                                                                   Genetic allele score of 59 variants
## 72                                                                                                                                                                                   Genetic allele score of 76 variants
## 73                                                                                                                                                                                   Genetic allele score of 76 variants
## 74                                                                                                                                                                       Genetic risk score calculated from 76 variants.
## 75                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
## 76                                                                                                                                                      Vascular/heart problems diagnosed by doctor: High blood pressure
## 77                                                                                                                                                      Vascular/heart problems diagnosed by doctor: High blood pressure
## 78                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
## 79                                                                                                                                                      Vascular/heart problems diagnosed by doctor: high blood pressure
## 80                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
## 81                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
## 82                                                                                                                                                       vascular/herat problems diagnosed by doctor:high blood pressure
## 83                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
## 84                                                                                                                                                       Vascular/heart problems diagnosed by doctor:high blood pressure
## 85                                                                                                                                                      Vascular/heart problems diagnosed by doctor: high blood pressure
## 86                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
## 87                                                                                                                                                                           Vascular/heart problems diagnosed by doctor
## 88                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
## 89                                                                                                                                                       Vascular/heart problems diagnosed by doctor:high blood pressure
## 90                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
## 91                                                                                                                                                                                     UKBB only, unfavourable adiposity
## 92                                                                                                                                                                       UKBB, favourable adiposity genetic risk scores 
## 93                                                                                        UKBB independent data sets including published GWAS and FinnGen. UFA genetic score associated with higher body fat percentage.
## 94                                                                                                                                                                                                     FinnGen study, FA
## 95                                                                                                                                                                                                  FinnGen study and FA
## 96                                                                                                                                                                                          UKBB, FA favorable adiposity
## 97                                                                                                                                                                                    UKBB only, unfavourable adiposity 
## 98                                                                                                                    UKBB, unfavourable adiposity (UFA) genetic risk scores taken from body fat percentage distribution
## 99                                                                                                                                                                                       UKBB only, favourable adiposity
## 100                                                                                                                                                                                FinnGen study, unfavourable adiposity
## 101                                                                                                                            Public GWAS and FinnGen independent of UKBB. Genetic risk scores of Favourable adiposity.
## 102                                                                                                                                                                                 FinnGen study, Unfavorable adiposity
## 103                                                                                                                           UKBiobank essential hypertension, includes SNPs that did not get to significance threshold
## 104                                                                                                                          UKBioank essential hypertension consortium, GWAS reaching the pvalue significance threshold
## 105                                                                                                                                                           UKBiobank essential hypertension consortium, no pleiotropy
## 106                                                                                                                        UKBiobank essential hypertension consortium, included SNPs not meeting significance threshold
## 107                                                                                                                                               manual measurement of SBP at baseline in MDC cohort, GRS;UKB and GIANT
## 108                                                                                                                                                                                   Manual measurement of SBP, GRS;UKB
## 109                                                                                                                                                                           SBP baseline in MDC Cohort, GRS ;UKBiobank
## 110                                                                                                                     Manual measurement of SBP at baseline in MPP cohort, GRS score . UKB and GIANT for GRS weighting
## 111                                                                                                                                                            DBP measured in MDC cohort at baseline. GRS;UKB and GIANT
## 112                                                                                                                       manual measurement of SBP in MDC cohort at baseline,GRS; UKB, Body fat GRS approximated on BMI
## 113                                                                                                                                                                                  Manual measurement of SBP, GRS, UKB
## 114                                                                                                                                                           Manual measurement of SBP in MDC cohort, GRS;UKB and GIANT
## 115                                                                                                                                                            SBP measured in MPP cohort at followup, GRS;UKB and GIANT
## 116                                                                                                                                                                   SBP measured in MPP at followup, GRS;UKB and GIANT
## 117                                                                                                                                                                   SBP measured in MPP at followup, GRS;UKB and GIANT
## 118                                                                                                                                                   SBP measured in MPP at followup, GRS;UKB and GIANT, VAT GRS on BMI
## 119                                                                                                                                         Diastolic blood pressure in MPP cohort, baseline measures, GRS;UKB and GIANT
## 120                                                                                                                                                           DBP in MPP cohort baseline measurement, GRS;UKB and GIANT.
## 121                                                                                                                                                          DBP in MPP cohort at baseline, Body fat GRS on BMI, GRS;UKB
## 122                                                                                                                                                        DBP measured in MPP cohort at baseline, GRS;UKB,VATgrs on BMI
## 123                                                                                                                                                             DBP measured in MPP at followup, GRS;UKB, VAT GRS on BMI
## 124                                                                                                                                                                                  DBP measured in MDC cohort, GRS;UKB
## 125                                                                                                                                                       DBP measured in MDC cohort at baseline, GRS;UKB. BF GRS on BMI
## 126                                                                                                                                                   DBP measured in MPP at followup, GRS; UKB and GIANT, BF GRS on BMI
## 127                                                                                                                                                             DBP measured in MDC at baseline, GRS;UKB, VAT GRS on BMI
## 128                                                                                                                                                                   DBP measured in MPP at followup, GRS;UKB and GIANT
## 129                                                                                                                                                              DBP measured in MPP cohort follow up, GRS;UKB and GIANT
## 130                                                                                               UKBiobank cohort exposure variable, SNP-outcome from FinnGen study. Transformed the BMI into categorical data in UKBB.
## 131                                                                                                                                                                                            Favourable adiposity (FA)
## 132                                                                                                                                                                                      Finngen cohort, BMI as exposure
## 133                                                                                                                                                                                               Unfavourable adiposity
## 134                                                                                                                                                                            Body fat percentage measured in UKBiobank
## 135                    The instruments were summarised into a weighted polygenic risk score similar to what is Lyalls paper. The weights derived form the effect estimated reported by GIANT (beta per 1-SD unit of BMI)
## 136                                                                                                                                                                       BCAMS, fat mass percentage, Genetic risk score
## 137                                                                                                                                                                                                                BCAMS
## 138                                                                                                                                                            Beijing Children and adolescents Metabolic Syndrome study
## 139                                                                                                                                                                                                            BCAMS,GRS
## 140                                                                                                                                                                                                           BCAMS, GRS
## 141                                                                                                                                                                                                          BCAMS, GRS 
## 142                                                                                                                                                          Vanderbilts biobank, no significant saps used SNPs at 10e-6
## 143                                                                                                                           Hypertension disorders during pregnancy. Two cohorts Giant(exposure) and FinnGen(outcome).
## 144                                                                                                                            Hypertension disorders during pregnancy. Two cohorts GIANT(exposure) and FinnGen(outcome)
## 145                                                                                                                         hypertension disorders during pregnancy, two cohorts GIANT (exposure) and FinnGen (outcome).
## 146                                                                                         Z-transformation to standardise BMI, SBP and weighted PRS. Construct a weighted PRS using the variants from Giant consortium
## 147                                                                              z-transformation to standardise BMI, SBP and weighted PRS. Construct a weighted PRS using the variants from Giant consortium. MR-GENIUS
##                                                                                                                                                                     title
## 1                                               Does Greater Adiposity Increase Blood Pressure and Hypertension Risk? Mendelian Randomization Using the FTO/MC4R Genotype
## 2                                               Does Greater Adiposity Increase Blood Pressure and Hypertension Risk? Mendelian Randomization Using the FTO/MC4R Genotype
## 3                                                                                     The Role of Adiposity in Cardiometabolic Traits: A Mendelian Randomization Analysis
## 4                                                                                     The Role of Adiposity in Cardiometabolic Traits: A Mendelian Randomization Analysis
## 5                                                                                     The Role of Adiposity in Cardiometabolic Traits: A Mendelian Randomization Analysis
## 6                                                                                     The Role of Adiposity in Cardiometabolic Traits: A Mendelian Randomization Analysis
## 7                                                              Causal Effects of Body Mass Index on Cardiometabolic Traits and Events: A Mendelian Randomization Analysis
## 8                                                              Causal Effects of Body Mass Index on Cardiometabolic Traits and Events: A Mendelian Randomization Analysis
## 9                                                                                        Age- and Sex-Specific Causal Effects of Adiposity on Cardiovascular Risk Factors
## 10                                                                                       Age- and Sex-Specific Causal Effects of Adiposity on Cardiovascular Risk Factors
## 11                                                                                       Age- and Sex-Specific Causal Effects of Adiposity on Cardiovascular Risk Factors
## 12                                                                                       Age- and Sex-Specific Causal Effects of Adiposity on Cardiovascular Risk Factors
## 13                                                                                       Age- and Sex-Specific Causal Effects of Adiposity on Cardiovascular Risk Factors
## 14                                                                                       Age- and Sex-Specific Causal Effects of Adiposity on Cardiovascular Risk Factors
## 15                                                                                       Age- and Sex-Specific Causal Effects of Adiposity on Cardiovascular Risk Factors
## 16                                                                                       Age- and Sex-Specific Causal Effects of Adiposity on Cardiovascular Risk Factors
## 17                                                                                       Age- and Sex-Specific Causal Effects of Adiposity on Cardiovascular Risk Factors
## 18                                                                                       Age- and Sex-Specific Causal Effects of Adiposity on Cardiovascular Risk Factors
## 19                                 MR-PheWAS: hypothesis prioritization among potential causal effects of body mass index on many outcomes, using Mendelian randomization
## 20                                 MR-PheWAS: hypothesis prioritization among potential causal effects of body mass index on many outcomes, using Mendelian randomization
## 21                                 MR-PheWAS: hypothesis prioritization among potential causal effects of body mass index on many outcomes, using Mendelian randomization
## 22                                                          Association of Body Mass Index With Cardiometabolic Disease in the UK Biobank A Mendelian Randomization Study
## 23                                                          Association of Body Mass Index With Cardiometabolic Disease in the UK Biobank A Mendelian Randomization Study
## 24                                                          Association of Body Mass Index With Cardiometabolic Disease in the UK Biobank A Mendelian Randomization Study
## 25                                                                         Causal association of body mass index with hypertension using a Mendelian randomization design
## 26                                                                         Causal association of body mass index with hypertension using a Mendelian randomization design
## 27                                                          Detecting and correcting for bias in Mendelian randomization analyses using Gene-by- Environment interactions
## 28                                                          Detecting and correcting for bias in Mendelian randomization analyses using Gene-by- Environment interactions
## 29                                                          Detecting and correcting for bias in Mendelian randomization analyses using Gene-by- Environment interactions
## 30                                                          Detecting and correcting for bias in Mendelian randomization analyses using Gene-by- Environment interactions
## 31                                          Searching for the causal effects of body mass index in over 300 000 participants in UK Biobank, using Mendelian randomization
## 32                                          Bodymass index and body composition in relation to 14 cardiovascular conditions in UK Biobank: aMendelian randomization study
## 33                                          Bodymass index and body composition in relation to 14 cardiovascular conditions in UK Biobank: aMendelian randomization study
## 34                                          Bodymass index and body composition in relation to 14 cardiovascular conditions in UK Biobank: aMendelian randomization study
## 35                                          Bodymass index and body composition in relation to 14 cardiovascular conditions in UK Biobank: aMendelian randomization study
## 36                                          Bodymass index and body composition in relation to 14 cardiovascular conditions in UK Biobank: aMendelian randomization study
## 37                                          Bodymass index and body composition in relation to 14 cardiovascular conditions in UK Biobank: aMendelian randomization study
## 38                                                                Contribution of genetics to visceral adiposity and its relation to cardiovascular and metabolic disease
## 39                                                                Contribution of genetics to visceral adiposity and its relation to cardiovascular and metabolic disease
## 40                                                                Contribution of genetics to visceral adiposity and its relation to cardiovascular and metabolic disease
## 41                                                                Contribution of genetics to visceral adiposity and its relation to cardiovascular and metabolic disease
## 42                                                                            On the Use of the Lasso for Instrumental Variables Estimation with Some Invalid Instruments
## 43                      Causal associations of body mass index and waist-to-hip ratio with cardiometabolic traits among Chinese children: A Mendelian randomization study
## 44                      Causal associations of body mass index and waist-to-hip ratio with cardiometabolic traits among Chinese children: A Mendelian randomization study
## 45                      Causal associations of body mass index and waist-to-hip ratio with cardiometabolic traits among Chinese children: A Mendelian randomization study
## 46                      Causal associations of body mass index and waist-to-hip ratio with cardiometabolic traits among Chinese children: A Mendelian randomization study
## 47                                  Avoiding dynastic, assortative mating, and population stratification biases in Mendelian randomization through within-family analyses
## 48                                  Avoiding dynastic, assortative mating, and population stratification biases in Mendelian randomization through within-family analyses
## 49                                  Avoiding dynastic, assortative mating, and population stratification biases in Mendelian randomization through within-family analyses
## 50                                  Avoiding dynastic, assortative mating, and population stratification biases in Mendelian randomization through within-family analyses
## 51                                  Avoiding dynastic, assortative mating, and population stratification biases in Mendelian randomization through within-family analyses
## 52                                  Avoiding dynastic, assortative mating, and population stratification biases in Mendelian randomization through within-family analyses
## 53                                  Avoiding dynastic, assortative mating, and population stratification biases in Mendelian randomization through within-family analyses
## 54                                  Avoiding dynastic, assortative mating, and population stratification biases in Mendelian randomization through within-family analyses
## 55                                  Avoiding dynastic, assortative mating, and population stratification biases in Mendelian randomization through within-family analyses
## 56                                  Avoiding dynastic, assortative mating, and population stratification biases in Mendelian randomization through within-family analyses
## 57                                  Avoiding dynastic, assortative mating, and population stratification biases in Mendelian randomization through within-family analyses
## 58                                  Avoiding dynastic, assortative mating, and population stratification biases in Mendelian randomization through within-family analyses
## 59                                                BMI Is Causally Associated With Pulmonary Artery Pressure But Not Hemodynamic Evidence of Pulmonary Vascular Remodeling
## 60                                                   Association of Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Lifestyle Behaviors With Hypertension A Mendelian Randomization Study
## 61                                                   Association of Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Lifestyle Behaviors With Hypertension A Mendelian Randomization Study
## 62                                                   Association of Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Lifestyle Behaviors With Hypertension A Mendelian Randomization Study
## 63                                                   Association of Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Lifestyle Behaviors With Hypertension A Mendelian Randomization Study
## 64                                                   Association of Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Lifestyle Behaviors With Hypertension A Mendelian Randomization Study
## 65                                                   Association of Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Lifestyle Behaviors With Hypertension A Mendelian Randomization Study
## 66                                                   Association of Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Lifestyle Behaviors With Hypertension A Mendelian Randomization Study
## 67                                                   Association of Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Lifestyle Behaviors With Hypertension A Mendelian Randomization Study
## 68                                                   Association of Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Lifestyle Behaviors With Hypertension A Mendelian Randomization Study
## 69                                                   Association of Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Lifestyle Behaviors With Hypertension A Mendelian Randomization Study
## 70                     A data-driven approach for studying the role of body mass in multiple diseases: a phenome-wide registry-based case-control study in the UK Biobank
## 71                     A data-driven approach for studying the role of body mass in multiple diseases: a phenome-wide registry-based case-control study in the UK Biobank
## 72                     A data-driven approach for studying the role of body mass in multiple diseases: a phenome-wide registry-based case-control study in the UK Biobank
## 73                     A data-driven approach for studying the role of body mass in multiple diseases: a phenome-wide registry-based case-control study in the UK Biobank
## 74                     A data-driven approach for studying the role of body mass in multiple diseases: a phenome-wide registry-based case-control study in the UK Biobank
## 75                       Phenome-wide investigation of the causal associations between childhood BMI and adult trait outcomes: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study
## 76                       Phenome-wide investigation of the causal associations between childhood BMI and adult trait outcomes: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study
## 77                       Phenome-wide investigation of the causal associations between childhood BMI and adult trait outcomes: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study
## 78                       Phenome-wide investigation of the causal associations between childhood BMI and adult trait outcomes: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study
## 79                       Phenome-wide investigation of the causal associations between childhood BMI and adult trait outcomes: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study
## 80                       Phenome-wide investigation of the causal associations between childhood BMI and adult trait outcomes: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study
## 81                       Phenome-wide investigation of the causal associations between childhood BMI and adult trait outcomes: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study
## 82                       Phenome-wide investigation of the causal associations between childhood BMI and adult trait outcomes: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study
## 83                       Phenome-wide investigation of the causal associations between childhood BMI and adult trait outcomes: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study
## 84                       Phenome-wide investigation of the causal associations between childhood BMI and adult trait outcomes: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study
## 85                       Phenome-wide investigation of the causal associations between childhood BMI and adult trait outcomes: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study
## 86                       Phenome-wide investigation of the causal associations between childhood BMI and adult trait outcomes: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study
## 87                       Phenome-wide investigation of the causal associations between childhood BMI and adult trait outcomes: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study
## 88                       Phenome-wide investigation of the causal associations between childhood BMI and adult trait outcomes: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study
## 89                       Phenome-wide investigation of the causal associations between childhood BMI and adult trait outcomes: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study
## 90                       Phenome-wide investigation of the causal associations between childhood BMI and adult trait outcomes: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study
## 91                                   Genetic Evidence for Different Adiposity Phenotypes and Their Opposing Influences on Ectopic Fat and Risk of Cardiometabolic Disease
## 92                                   Genetic Evidence for Different Adiposity Phenotypes and Their Opposing Influences on Ectopic Fat and Risk of Cardiometabolic Disease
## 93                                   Genetic Evidence for Different Adiposity Phenotypes and Their Opposing Influences on Ectopic Fat and Risk of Cardiometabolic Disease
## 94                                   Genetic Evidence for Different Adiposity Phenotypes and Their Opposing Influences on Ectopic Fat and Risk of Cardiometabolic Disease
## 95                                   Genetic Evidence for Different Adiposity Phenotypes and Their Opposing Influences on Ectopic Fat and Risk of Cardiometabolic Disease
## 96                                   Genetic Evidence for Different Adiposity Phenotypes and Their Opposing Influences on Ectopic Fat and Risk of Cardiometabolic Disease
## 97                                   Genetic Evidence for Different Adiposity Phenotypes and Their Opposing Influences on Ectopic Fat and Risk of Cardiometabolic Disease
## 98                                   Genetic Evidence for Different Adiposity Phenotypes and Their Opposing Influences on Ectopic Fat and Risk of Cardiometabolic Disease
## 99                                   Genetic Evidence for Different Adiposity Phenotypes and Their Opposing Influences on Ectopic Fat and Risk of Cardiometabolic Disease
## 100                                  Genetic Evidence for Different Adiposity Phenotypes and Their Opposing Influences on Ectopic Fat and Risk of Cardiometabolic Disease
## 101                                  Genetic Evidence for Different Adiposity Phenotypes and Their Opposing Influences on Ectopic Fat and Risk of Cardiometabolic Disease
## 102                                  Genetic Evidence for Different Adiposity Phenotypes and Their Opposing Influences on Ectopic Fat and Risk of Cardiometabolic Disease
## 103                                                                               Birthweight, childhood obesity and risk of hypertension: aMendelian randomization study
## 104                                                                               Birthweight, childhood obesity and risk of hypertension: aMendelian randomization study
## 105                                                                               Birthweight, childhood obesity and risk of hypertension: aMendelian randomization study
## 106                                                                               Birthweight, childhood obesity and risk of hypertension: aMendelian randomization study
## 107                                              Causal Effect of Adiposity Measures on Blood Pressure Traits in 2 Urban Swedish Cohorts: A Mendelian Randomization Study
## 108                                              Causal Effect of Adiposity Measures on Blood Pressure Traits in 2 Urban Swedish Cohorts: A Mendelian Randomization Study
## 109                                              Causal Effect of Adiposity Measures on Blood Pressure Traits in 2 Urban Swedish Cohorts: A Mendelian Randomization Study
## 110                                              Causal Effect of Adiposity Measures on Blood Pressure Traits in 2 Urban Swedish Cohorts: A Mendelian Randomization Study
## 111                                              Causal Effect of Adiposity Measures on Blood Pressure Traits in 2 Urban Swedish Cohorts: A Mendelian Randomization Study
## 112                                              Causal Effect of Adiposity Measures on Blood Pressure Traits in 2 Urban Swedish Cohorts: A Mendelian Randomization Study
## 113                                              Causal Effect of Adiposity Measures on Blood Pressure Traits in 2 Urban Swedish Cohorts: A Mendelian Randomization Study
## 114                                              Causal Effect of Adiposity Measures on Blood Pressure Traits in 2 Urban Swedish Cohorts: A Mendelian Randomization Study
## 115                                              Causal Effect of Adiposity Measures on Blood Pressure Traits in 2 Urban Swedish Cohorts: A Mendelian Randomization Study
## 116                                              Causal Effect of Adiposity Measures on Blood Pressure Traits in 2 Urban Swedish Cohorts: A Mendelian Randomization Study
## 117                                              Causal Effect of Adiposity Measures on Blood Pressure Traits in 2 Urban Swedish Cohorts: A Mendelian Randomization Study
## 118                                              Causal Effect of Adiposity Measures on Blood Pressure Traits in 2 Urban Swedish Cohorts: A Mendelian Randomization Study
## 119                                              Causal Effect of Adiposity Measures on Blood Pressure Traits in 2 Urban Swedish Cohorts: A Mendelian Randomization Study
## 120                                              Causal Effect of Adiposity Measures on Blood Pressure Traits in 2 Urban Swedish Cohorts: A Mendelian Randomization Study
## 121                                              Causal Effect of Adiposity Measures on Blood Pressure Traits in 2 Urban Swedish Cohorts: A Mendelian Randomization Study
## 122                                              Causal Effect of Adiposity Measures on Blood Pressure Traits in 2 Urban Swedish Cohorts: A Mendelian Randomization Study
## 123                                              Causal Effect of Adiposity Measures on Blood Pressure Traits in 2 Urban Swedish Cohorts: A Mendelian Randomization Study
## 124                                              Causal Effect of Adiposity Measures on Blood Pressure Traits in 2 Urban Swedish Cohorts: A Mendelian Randomization Study
## 125                                              Causal Effect of Adiposity Measures on Blood Pressure Traits in 2 Urban Swedish Cohorts: A Mendelian Randomization Study
## 126                                              Causal Effect of Adiposity Measures on Blood Pressure Traits in 2 Urban Swedish Cohorts: A Mendelian Randomization Study
## 127                                              Causal Effect of Adiposity Measures on Blood Pressure Traits in 2 Urban Swedish Cohorts: A Mendelian Randomization Study
## 128                                              Causal Effect of Adiposity Measures on Blood Pressure Traits in 2 Urban Swedish Cohorts: A Mendelian Randomization Study
## 129                                              Causal Effect of Adiposity Measures on Blood Pressure Traits in 2 Urban Swedish Cohorts: A Mendelian Randomization Study
## 130 Mendelian Randomization Analyses Suggest Childhood Body Size Indirectly Influences End Points From Across the Cardiovascular Disease Spectrum Through Adult Body Size
## 131                                                   Disease consequences of higher adiposity uncoupled from its adverse metabolic effects using Mendelian randomisation
## 132                                                   Disease consequences of higher adiposity uncoupled from its adverse metabolic effects using Mendelian randomisation
## 133                                                   Disease consequences of higher adiposity uncoupled from its adverse metabolic effects using Mendelian randomisation
## 134                                                   Disease consequences of higher adiposity uncoupled from its adverse metabolic effects using Mendelian randomisation
## 135                                         Robust Mendelian randomization in the presence of residual population stratification, batch effects and horizontal pleiotropy
## 136                                              Distinct causal effects of body fat distribution on cardiometabolic traits among children: Findings from the BCAMS study
## 137                                              Distinct causal effects of body fat distribution on cardiometabolic traits among children: Findings from the BCAMS study
## 138                                              Distinct causal effects of body fat distribution on cardiometabolic traits among children: Findings from the BCAMS study
## 139                                              Distinct causal effects of body fat distribution on cardiometabolic traits among children: Findings from the BCAMS study
## 140                                              Distinct causal effects of body fat distribution on cardiometabolic traits among children: Findings from the BCAMS study
## 141                                              Distinct causal effects of body fat distribution on cardiometabolic traits among children: Findings from the BCAMS study
## 142                                                            Genetic Determinants of Body Mass Index and Fasting Glucose Are Mediators of Grade 1 Diastolic Dysfunction
## 143                                                                      Genetically Predicted Obesity Causally Increased the Risk of Hypertension Disorders in Pregnancy
## 144                                                                      Genetically Predicted Obesity Causally Increased the Risk of Hypertension Disorders in Pregnancy
## 145                                                                      Genetically Predicted Obesity Causally Increased the Risk of Hypertension Disorders in Pregnancy
## 146                                                                  Interaction-based Mendelian randomization with measured and unmeasured gene-bycovariate interactions
## 147                                                                  Interaction-based Mendelian randomization with measured and unmeasured gene-bycovariate interactions
##                                                                                                                                                             studyaim
## 1                                                                      To estimate the strength of association between body mass index/adiposity with blood pressure
## 2                                                                      To estimate the strength of association between body mass index/adiposity with blood pressure
## 3                             Aimed to determine whether adiposity is causally related to various cardiometabolic traits using the Mendelian randomization approach.
## 4                             Aimed to determine whether adiposity is causally related to various cardiometabolic traits using the Mendelian randomization approach.
## 5                             Aimed to determine whether adiposity is causally related to various cardiometabolic traits using the Mendelian randomization approach.
## 6                             Aimed to determine whether adiposity is causally related to various cardiometabolic traits using the Mendelian randomization approach.
## 7                                                          To investigate the role of BMI in cardiometabolic traits and vents through IV analysis using MR approach.
## 8                                                          To investigate the role of BMI in cardiometabolic traits and vents through IV analysis using MR approach.
## 9        To use MR design to assess whether adiposity causally affects known CVD risk factors at a similar magnitude in men and women and before and after 55 years.
## 10       To use MR design to assess whether adiposity causally affects known CVD risk factors at a similar magnitude in men and women and before and after 55 years.
## 11       To use MR design to assess whether adiposity causally affects known CVD risk factors at a similar magnitude in men and women and before and after 55 years.
## 12       To use MR design to assess whether adiposity causally affects known CVD risk factors at a similar magnitude in men and women and before and after 55 years.
## 13       To use MR design to assess whether adiposity causally affects known CVD risk factors at a similar magnitude in men and women and before and after 55 years.
## 14       To use MR design to assess whether adiposity causally affects known CVD risk factors at a similar magnitude in men and women and before and after 55 years.
## 15       To use MR design to assess whether adiposity causally affects known CVD risk factors at a similar magnitude in men and women and before and after 55 years.
## 16       To use MR design to assess whether adiposity causally affects known CVD risk factors at a similar magnitude in men and women and before and after 55 years.
## 17       To use MR design to assess whether adiposity causally affects known CVD risk factors at a similar magnitude in men and women and before and after 55 years.
## 18       To use MR design to assess whether adiposity causally affects known CVD risk factors at a similar magnitude in men and women and before and after 55 years.
## 19                                                                                                IV analysis to estimate the causal effect of BMI os 172 phenotypes
## 20                                                                                                IV analysis to estimate the causal effect of BMI os 172 phenotypes
## 21                                                                                                IV analysis to estimate the causal effect of BMI os 172 phenotypes
## 22                   To investigate the causal estimates of the association between BMI and cardiometabolic disease outcome and traits using Mendelian randomization
## 23                   To investigate the causal estimates of the association between BMI and cardiometabolic disease outcome and traits using Mendelian randomization
## 24                   To investigate the causal estimates of the association between BMI and cardiometabolic disease outcome and traits using Mendelian randomization
## 25                                                                                                            To assess the causal effect of obesity on hypertension
## 26                                                                                                            To assess the causal effect of obesity on hypertension
## 27                                                                     To detect and correct for bias using MR Gene by Environment method analogous to two sample MR
## 28                                                                     To detect and correct for bias using MR Gene by Environment method analogous to two sample MR
## 29                                                                     To detect and correct for bias using MR Gene by Environment method analogous to two sample MR
## 30                                                                     To detect and correct for bias using MR Gene by Environment method analogous to two sample MR
## 31                                                To perform MR-pheWAS to search for the casual effects of BMI in UKB using PHESANT open-source phenomenon scan tool
## 32                                                                   To use MR design to investigate the associations of BMI with 13 CVDs and arterial hypertension.
## 33                                                                   To use MR design to investigate the associations of BMI with 13 CVDs and arterial hypertension.
## 34                                                                   To use MR design to investigate the associations of BMI with 13 CVDs and arterial hypertension.
## 35                                                                   To use MR design to investigate the associations of BMI with 13 CVDs and arterial hypertension.
## 36                                                                   To use MR design to investigate the associations of BMI with 13 CVDs and arterial hypertension.
## 37                                                                   To use MR design to investigate the associations of BMI with 13 CVDs and arterial hypertension.
## 38                                                         Understanding the role of genetics in visceral adipose tissue measured by imaging and its role in disease
## 39                                                         Understanding the role of genetics in visceral adipose tissue measured by imaging and its role in disease
## 40                                                         Understanding the role of genetics in visceral adipose tissue measured by imaging and its role in disease
## 41                                                         Understanding the role of genetics in visceral adipose tissue measured by imaging and its role in disease
## 42                                             Applied example of lasso method (causal effect estimate in presence of invalid ivs) in assessing effect of BMI on DBP
## 43                            To explore and compare the causal relationship between BMI and waist to hip ratio with cardiometabolic traits in East Asian population
## 44                            To explore and compare the causal relationship between BMI and waist to hip ratio with cardiometabolic traits in East Asian population
## 45                            To explore and compare the causal relationship between BMI and waist to hip ratio with cardiometabolic traits in East Asian population
## 46                            To explore and compare the causal relationship between BMI and waist to hip ratio with cardiometabolic traits in East Asian population
## 47     To describe methods for within-family Mendelian randomization analyses and use simulation studies to show that family -based analyses can reduce such biases.
## 48     To describe methods for within-family Mendelian randomization analyses and use simulation studies to show that family -based analyses can reduce such biases.
## 49     To describe methods for within-family Mendelian randomization analyses and use simulation studies to show that family -based analyses can reduce such biases.
## 50     To describe methods for within-family Mendelian randomization analyses and use simulation studies to show that family -based analyses can reduce such biases.
## 51     To describe methods for within-family Mendelian randomization analyses and use simulation studies to show that family -based analyses can reduce such biases.
## 52     To describe methods for within-family Mendelian randomization analyses and use simulation studies to show that family -based analyses can reduce such biases.
## 53     To describe methods for within-family Mendelian randomization analyses and use simulation studies to show that family -based analyses can reduce such biases.
## 54     To describe methods for within-family Mendelian randomization analyses and use simulation studies to show that family -based analyses can reduce such biases.
## 55     To describe methods for within-family Mendelian randomization analyses and use simulation studies to show that family -based analyses can reduce such biases.
## 56     To describe methods for within-family Mendelian randomization analyses and use simulation studies to show that family -based analyses can reduce such biases.
## 57     To describe methods for within-family Mendelian randomization analyses and use simulation studies to show that family -based analyses can reduce such biases.
## 58     To describe methods for within-family Mendelian randomization analyses and use simulation studies to show that family -based analyses can reduce such biases.
## 59                                                           Is BMI causally associated with pulmonary artery pressure or markers of pulmonary vascular remodelling?
## 60           To investigate the causal associations of 18 cardiovascular risk factors and lifestyle behaviours with hypertension risk using most recent largest GWAS
## 61           To investigate the causal associations of 18 cardiovascular risk factors and lifestyle behaviours with hypertension risk using most recent largest GWAS
## 62           To investigate the causal associations of 18 cardiovascular risk factors and lifestyle behaviours with hypertension risk using most recent largest GWAS
## 63           To investigate the causal associations of 18 cardiovascular risk factors and lifestyle behaviours with hypertension risk using most recent largest GWAS
## 64           To investigate the causal associations of 18 cardiovascular risk factors and lifestyle behaviours with hypertension risk using most recent largest GWAS
## 65           To investigate the causal associations of 18 cardiovascular risk factors and lifestyle behaviours with hypertension risk using most recent largest GWAS
## 66           To investigate the causal associations of 18 cardiovascular risk factors and lifestyle behaviours with hypertension risk using most recent largest GWAS
## 67           To investigate the causal associations of 18 cardiovascular risk factors and lifestyle behaviours with hypertension risk using most recent largest GWAS
## 68           To investigate the causal associations of 18 cardiovascular risk factors and lifestyle behaviours with hypertension risk using most recent largest GWAS
## 69           To investigate the causal associations of 18 cardiovascular risk factors and lifestyle behaviours with hypertension risk using most recent largest GWAS
## 70                                                                to use phewas to investigate possible associations of high body mass index with multiple diseases.
## 71                                                                to use phewas to investigate possible associations of high body mass index with multiple diseases.
## 72                                                                to use phewas to investigate possible associations of high body mass index with multiple diseases.
## 73                                                                to use phewas to investigate possible associations of high body mass index with multiple diseases.
## 74                                                                to use phewas to investigate possible associations of high body mass index with multiple diseases.
## 75                                                                                                          To determine the effect of childhood BMI on adult traits
## 76                                                                                                          To determine the effect of childhood BMI on adult traits
## 77                                                                                                          To determine the effect of childhood BMI on adult traits
## 78                                                                                                          To determine the effect of childhood BMI on adult traits
## 79                                                                                                          To determine the effect of childhood BMI on adult traits
## 80                                                                                                          To determine the effect of childhood BMI on adult traits
## 81                                                                                                          To determine the effect of childhood BMI on adult traits
## 82                                                                                                          To determine the effect of childhood BMI on adult traits
## 83                                                                                                          To determine the effect of childhood BMI on adult traits
## 84                                                                                                          To determine the effect of childhood BMI on adult traits
## 85                                                                                                          To determine the effect of childhood BMI on adult traits
## 86                                                                                                          To determine the effect of childhood BMI on adult traits
## 87                                                                                                          To determine the effect of childhood BMI on adult traits
## 88                                                                                                          To determine the effect of childhood BMI on adult traits
## 89                                                                                                          To determine the effect of childhood BMI on adult traits
## 90                                                                                                          To determine the effect of childhood BMI on adult traits
## 91                                                   To use MR to elucidate the potential causal role of favourable and unfavorable adiposity in metabolic syndrome.
## 92                                                   To use MR to elucidate the potential causal role of favourable and unfavorable adiposity in metabolic syndrome.
## 93                                                   To use MR to elucidate the potential causal role of favourable and unfavorable adiposity in metabolic syndrome.
## 94                                                   To use MR to elucidate the potential causal role of favourable and unfavorable adiposity in metabolic syndrome.
## 95                                                   To use MR to elucidate the potential causal role of favourable and unfavorable adiposity in metabolic syndrome.
## 96                                                   To use MR to elucidate the potential causal role of favourable and unfavorable adiposity in metabolic syndrome.
## 97                                                   To use MR to elucidate the potential causal role of favourable and unfavorable adiposity in metabolic syndrome.
## 98                                                   To use MR to elucidate the potential causal role of favourable and unfavorable adiposity in metabolic syndrome.
## 99                                                   To use MR to elucidate the potential causal role of favourable and unfavorable adiposity in metabolic syndrome.
## 100                                                  To use MR to elucidate the potential causal role of favourable and unfavorable adiposity in metabolic syndrome.
## 101                                                  To use MR to elucidate the potential causal role of favourable and unfavorable adiposity in metabolic syndrome.
## 102                                                  To use MR to elucidate the potential causal role of favourable and unfavorable adiposity in metabolic syndrome.
## 103                                                                                  To elucidate the causal relationship between childhood obesity and hypertension
## 104                                                                                  To elucidate the causal relationship between childhood obesity and hypertension
## 105                                                                                  To elucidate the causal relationship between childhood obesity and hypertension
## 106                                                                                  To elucidate the causal relationship between childhood obesity and hypertension
## 107                                                                                        To investigate the effect of modifying adiposity traits on blood pressure
## 108                                                                                        To investigate the effect of modifying adiposity traits on blood pressure
## 109                                                                                        To investigate the effect of modifying adiposity traits on blood pressure
## 110                                                                                        To investigate the effect of modifying adiposity traits on blood pressure
## 111                                                                                        To investigate the effect of modifying adiposity traits on blood pressure
## 112                                                                                        To investigate the effect of modifying adiposity traits on blood pressure
## 113                                                                                        To investigate the effect of modifying adiposity traits on blood pressure
## 114                                                                                        To investigate the effect of modifying adiposity traits on blood pressure
## 115                                                                                        To investigate the effect of modifying adiposity traits on blood pressure
## 116                                                                                        To investigate the effect of modifying adiposity traits on blood pressure
## 117                                                                                        To investigate the effect of modifying adiposity traits on blood pressure
## 118                                                                                        To investigate the effect of modifying adiposity traits on blood pressure
## 119                                                                                        To investigate the effect of modifying adiposity traits on blood pressure
## 120                                                                                        To investigate the effect of modifying adiposity traits on blood pressure
## 121                                                                                        To investigate the effect of modifying adiposity traits on blood pressure
## 122                                                                                        To investigate the effect of modifying adiposity traits on blood pressure
## 123                                                                                        To investigate the effect of modifying adiposity traits on blood pressure
## 124                                                                                        To investigate the effect of modifying adiposity traits on blood pressure
## 125                                                                                        To investigate the effect of modifying adiposity traits on blood pressure
## 126                                                                                        To investigate the effect of modifying adiposity traits on blood pressure
## 127                                                                                        To investigate the effect of modifying adiposity traits on blood pressure
## 128                                                                                        To investigate the effect of modifying adiposity traits on blood pressure
## 129                                                                                        To investigate the effect of modifying adiposity traits on blood pressure
## 130                                     To estimate the effect of childhood body size on 12 disease endpoints independently and after accounting for adult body size
## 131 Aimed to use MR and specific genetic variants to separately test the causal roles of higher adiposity with and without its adverse metabolic effects on diseases
## 132 Aimed to use MR and specific genetic variants to separately test the causal roles of higher adiposity with and without its adverse metabolic effects on diseases
## 133 Aimed to use MR and specific genetic variants to separately test the causal roles of higher adiposity with and without its adverse metabolic effects on diseases
## 134 Aimed to use MR and specific genetic variants to separately test the causal roles of higher adiposity with and without its adverse metabolic effects on diseases
## 135         To describe a suite of sensitivity analysis tools that enables investigators to quantify the robustness of their findings against such validity threats.
## 136                       To explore and compare causal relationships of BMI, fat mass percentage and waist to height ratio with cardiometabolic traits in children.
## 137                       To explore and compare causal relationships of BMI, fat mass percentage and waist to height ratio with cardiometabolic traits in children.
## 138                       To explore and compare causal relationships of BMI, fat mass percentage and waist to height ratio with cardiometabolic traits in children.
## 139                       To explore and compare causal relationships of BMI, fat mass percentage and waist to height ratio with cardiometabolic traits in children.
## 140                       To explore and compare causal relationships of BMI, fat mass percentage and waist to height ratio with cardiometabolic traits in children.
## 141                       To explore and compare causal relationships of BMI, fat mass percentage and waist to height ratio with cardiometabolic traits in children.
## 142                                                                                                  Delineating genetic drivers of modifiable risk factors for G1DD
## 143                                                                       To evaluate the causal association between obesity and hypertension disorders in pregnancy
## 144                                                                       To evaluate the causal association between obesity and hypertension disorders in pregnancy
## 145                                                                       To evaluate the causal association between obesity and hypertension disorders in pregnancy
## 146                                                                              MR GXE vs MR GENIUS to explore the effect of BMI on systolic blood pressure in UKBB
## 147                                                                              MR GXE vs MR GENIUS to explore the effect of BMI on systolic blood pressure in UKBB
##     population    sex mean_age median_age lower_age upper_age year samplesize
## 1          EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2009      37027
## 2          EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2009      37027
## 3          EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2013     198502
## 4          EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2013     198502
## 5          EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2013     198502
## 6          EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2013     198502
## 7          EUR   both     60.0       0.00        17       100 2014      34538
## 8          EUR   both     60.0       0.00        17       100 2014      34538
## 9          EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2015      67553
## 10         EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2015      67553
## 11         EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2015      67553
## 12         EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2015      67553
## 13         EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2015      67553
## 14         EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2015      67553
## 15         EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2015      67553
## 16         EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2015      67553
## 17         EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2015      67553
## 18         EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2015      67553
## 19         EUR   both      8.0       0.00         0         0 2015       8121
## 20         EUR   both      8.0       0.00         0         0 2015       8121
## 21         EUR   both      8.0       0.00         0         0 2015       8121
## 22         EUR   both      0.0      56.87         0         0 2017     119859
## 23         EUR   both      0.0      56.87         0         0 2017     119859
## 24         EUR   both      0.0      56.87         0         0 2017     119859
## 25      Korean   both      0.0       0.00        40        69 2018       8832
## 26      Korean   both      0.0       0.00        40        69 2018       8832
## 27         EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2018     358928
## 28         EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2018     358928
## 29         EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2018     358928
## 30         EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2018     358928
## 31         EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2019     334968
## 32         EUR   both     57.2       0.00         0         0 2020     367703
## 33         EUR   both     57.2       0.00         0         0 2020     367703
## 34         EUR   both     57.2       0.00         0         0 2020     367703
## 35         EUR   both     57.2       0.00         0         0 2020     367703
## 36         EUR   both     57.2       0.00         0         0 2020     367703
## 37         EUR   both     57.2       0.00         0         0 2020     367703
## 38         EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2019     325153
## 39         EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2019     325153
## 40         EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2019     325153
## 41         EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2019     325153
## 42         EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2018     105276
## 43  East Asian   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2020       2030
## 44  East Asian   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2020       2030
## 45  East Asian   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2020       2030
## 46  East Asian   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2020       2030
## 47         EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2020     283376
## 48         EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2020     283376
## 49         EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2020     283376
## 50         EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2020     283376
## 51         EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2020     283376
## 52         EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2020     283376
## 53         EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2020     283376
## 54         EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2020     283376
## 55         EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2020     283376
## 56         EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2020     283376
## 57         EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2020     283376
## 58         EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2020     283376
## 59         EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2021          0
## 60         EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2020     553225
## 61         EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2020     553225
## 62         EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2020     553225
## 63         EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2020     553225
## 64         EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2020     553225
## 65         EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2020     553225
## 66         EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2020     553225
## 67         EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2020     553225
## 68         EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2020     553225
## 69         EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2020     553225
## 70         EUR   both      0.0       0.00        37        73 2019     337536
## 71         EUR   both      0.0       0.00        37        73 2019     337536
## 72         EUR   both      0.0       0.00        37        73 2019     337536
## 73         EUR   both      0.0       0.00        37        73 2019     337536
## 74         EUR   both      0.0       0.00        37        73 2019     337536
## 75         EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2021      47541
## 76         EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2021      47541
## 77         EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2021      47541
## 78         EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2021      47541
## 79         EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2021      47541
## 80         EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2021      47541
## 81         EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2021      47541
## 82         EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2021      47541
## 83         EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2021      47541
## 84         EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2021      47541
## 85         EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2021      47541
## 86         EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2021      47541
## 87         EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2021      47541
## 88         EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2021      47541
## 89         EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2021      47541
## 90         EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2021      47541
## 91         EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2021     500000
## 92         EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2021     500000
## 93         EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2021     500000
## 94         EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2021     500000
## 95         EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2021     500000
## 96         EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2021     500000
## 97         EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2021     500000
## 98         EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2021     500000
## 99         EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2021     500000
## 100        EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2021     500000
## 101        EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2021     500000
## 102        EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2021     500000
## 103        EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2021          0
## 104        EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2021          0
## 105        EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2021          0
## 106        EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2021          0
## 107        EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2021      38662
## 108        EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2021      38662
## 109        EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2021      38662
## 110        EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2021      38662
## 111        EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2021      38662
## 112        EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2021      38662
## 113        EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2021      38662
## 114        EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2021      38662
## 115        EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2021      38662
## 116        EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2021      38662
## 117        EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2021      38662
## 118        EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2021      38662
## 119        EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2021      38662
## 120        EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2021      38662
## 121        EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2021      38662
## 122        EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2021      38662
## 123        EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2021      38662
## 124        EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2021      38662
## 125        EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2021      38662
## 126        EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2021      38662
## 127        EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2021      38662
## 128        EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2021      38662
## 129        EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2021      38662
## 130        EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2021     453169
## 131        EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2022          0
## 132        EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2022          0
## 133        EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2022          0
## 134        EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2022          0
## 135        EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2022     291274
## 136 East Asian   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2022       3266
## 137 East Asian   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2022       3266
## 138 East Asian   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2022       3266
## 139 East Asian   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2022       3266
## 140 East Asian   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2022       3266
## 141 East Asian   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2022       3266
## 142        EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2022       2440
## 143        EUR female      0.0       0.00         0         0 2022          0
## 144        EUR female      0.0       0.00         0         0 2022          0
## 145        EUR female      0.0       0.00         0         0 2022          0
## 146        EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2022     358928
## 147        EUR   both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2022     358928
##                              author
## 1          Nicholas J Timpson et al
## 2          Nicholas J Timpson et al
## 3                   Tove Fall et al
## 4                   Tove Fall et al
## 5                   Tove Fall et al
## 6                   Tove Fall et al
## 7                  Michael V Holmes
## 8                  Michael V Holmes
## 9                   Tove Fall et al
## 10                  Tove Fall et al
## 11                  Tove Fall et al
## 12                  Tove Fall et al
## 13                  Tove Fall et al
## 14                  Tove Fall et al
## 15                  Tove Fall et al
## 16                  Tove Fall et al
## 17                  Tove Fall et al
## 18                  Tove Fall et al
## 19           LouiseAC Millard et al
## 20           LouiseAC Millard et al
## 21           LouiseAC Millard et al
## 22             Donald M loyal et al
## 23             Donald M loyal et al
## 24             Donald M loyal et al
## 25                       Mee-Ri Lee
## 26                       Mee-Ri Lee
## 27                Wes Spiller et al
## 28                Wes Spiller et al
## 29                Wes Spiller et al
## 30                Wes Spiller et al
## 31               Louise A.C.Millard
## 32         Susanna C. Larsson et al
## 33         Susanna C. Larsson et al
## 34         Susanna C. Larsson et al
## 35         Susanna C. Larsson et al
## 36         Susanna C. Larsson et al
## 37         Susanna C. Larsson et al
## 38            Torgny Karlsson et al
## 39            Torgny Karlsson et al
## 40            Torgny Karlsson et al
## 41            Torgny Karlsson et al
## 42          Frank Windmeijer  et al
## 43                      Qiying Song
## 44                      Qiying Song
## 45                      Qiying Song
## 46                      Qiying Song
## 47               Ben Brompton et al
## 48               Ben Brompton et al
## 49               Ben Brompton et al
## 50               Ben Brompton et al
## 51               Ben Brompton et al
## 52               Ben Brompton et al
## 53               Ben Brompton et al
## 54               Ben Brompton et al
## 55               Ben Brompton et al
## 56               Ben Brompton et al
## 57               Ben Brompton et al
## 58               Ben Brompton et al
## 59                Timothy E. Thayer
## 60            Van Oort Sabine et al
## 61            Van Oort Sabine et al
## 62            Van Oort Sabine et al
## 63            Van Oort Sabine et al
## 64            Van Oort Sabine et al
## 65            Van Oort Sabine et al
## 66            Van Oort Sabine et al
## 67            Van Oort Sabine et al
## 68            Van Oort Sabine et al
## 69            Van Oort Sabine et al
## 70                   Elina Hypponen
## 71                   Elina Hypponen
## 72                   Elina Hypponen
## 73                   Elina Hypponen
## 74                   Elina Hypponen
## 75             Shan-Shan Dong et al
## 76             Shan-Shan Dong et al
## 77             Shan-Shan Dong et al
## 78             Shan-Shan Dong et al
## 79             Shan-Shan Dong et al
## 80             Shan-Shan Dong et al
## 81             Shan-Shan Dong et al
## 82             Shan-Shan Dong et al
## 83             Shan-Shan Dong et al
## 84             Shan-Shan Dong et al
## 85             Shan-Shan Dong et al
## 86             Shan-Shan Dong et al
## 87             Shan-Shan Dong et al
## 88             Shan-Shan Dong et al
## 89             Shan-Shan Dong et al
## 90             Shan-Shan Dong et al
## 91               Susan Martin et al
## 92               Susan Martin et al
## 93               Susan Martin et al
## 94               Susan Martin et al
## 95               Susan Martin et al
## 96               Susan Martin et al
## 97               Susan Martin et al
## 98               Susan Martin et al
## 99               Susan Martin et al
## 100              Susan Martin et al
## 101              Susan Martin et al
## 102              Susan Martin et al
## 103                     Jingwen Fan
## 104                     Jingwen Fan
## 105                     Jingwen Fan
## 106                     Jingwen Fan
## 107                 Alice Giontella
## 108                 Alice Giontella
## 109                 Alice Giontella
## 110                 Alice Giontella
## 111                 Alice Giontella
## 112                 Alice Giontella
## 113                 Alice Giontella
## 114                 Alice Giontella
## 115                 Alice Giontella
## 116                 Alice Giontella
## 117                 Alice Giontella
## 118                 Alice Giontella
## 119                 Alice Giontella
## 120                 Alice Giontella
## 121                 Alice Giontella
## 122                 Alice Giontella
## 123                 Alice Giontella
## 124                 Alice Giontella
## 125                 Alice Giontella
## 126                 Alice Giontella
## 127                 Alice Giontella
## 128                 Alice Giontella
## 129                 Alice Giontella
## 130                  Grace M. Power
## 131              Susan Martin et al
## 132              Susan Martin et al
## 133              Susan Martin et al
## 134              Susan Martin et al
## 135            Carlos Cinelli et al
## 136                  Liwan Fu et al
## 137                  Liwan Fu et al
## 138                  Liwan Fu et al
## 139                  Liwan Fu et al
## 140                  Liwan Fu et al
## 141                  Liwan Fu et al
## 142 Nataraja Sarma Vaitinadin et al
## 143              Wenting Wang et al
## 144              Wenting Wang et al
## 145              Wenting Wang et al
## 146               Wes Spiller et al
## 147               Wes Spiller et al
##                                                 UID.1
## 1          Nicholas J Timpson et al_19470880_2009_R57
## 2          Nicholas J Timpson et al_19470880_2009_R58
## 3                    Tove Fall et al_23824655_2013_R3
## 4                    Tove Fall et al_23824655_2013_R4
## 5                    Tove Fall et al_23824655_2013_R2
## 6                    Tove Fall et al_23824655_2013_R1
## 7                  Michael V Holmes_24462370_2014_R92
## 8                  Michael V Holmes_24462370_2014_R93
## 9                   Tove Fall et al_25712996_2015_R77
## 10                  Tove Fall et al_25712996_2015_R79
## 11                  Tove Fall et al_25712996_2015_R80
## 12                  Tove Fall et al_25712996_2015_R81
## 13                  Tove Fall et al_25712996_2015_R82
## 14                  Tove Fall et al_25712996_2015_R83
## 15                  Tove Fall et al_25712996_2015_R84
## 16                  Tove Fall et al_25712996_2015_R78
## 17                  Tove Fall et al_25712996_2015_R86
## 18                  Tove Fall et al_25712996_2015_R85
## 19            LouiseAC Millard et al_26568383_2015_R7
## 20            LouiseAC Millard et al_26568383_2015_R5
## 21            LouiseAC Millard et al_26568383_2015_R6
## 22             Donald M loyal et al_28678979_2017_R44
## 23             Donald M loyal et al_28678979_2017_R43
## 24             Donald M loyal et al_28678979_2017_R42
## 25                      Mee-Ri Lee_30045251_2018_R108
## 26                      Mee-Ri Lee_30045251_2018_R109
## 27                Wes Spiller et al_30462199_2018_R74
## 28                Wes Spiller et al_30462199_2018_R76
## 29                Wes Spiller et al_30462199_2018_R73
## 30                Wes Spiller et al_30462199_2018_R75
## 31               Louise A.C.Millard_30707692_2019_R59
## 32         Susanna C. Larsson et al_31195408_2020_R64
## 33         Susanna C. Larsson et al_31195408_2020_R65
## 34         Susanna C. Larsson et al_31195408_2020_R67
## 35         Susanna C. Larsson et al_31195408_2020_R63
## 36         Susanna C. Larsson et al_31195408_2020_R68
## 37         Susanna C. Larsson et al_31195408_2020_R66
## 38            Torgny Karlsson et al_31501611_2019_R10
## 39             Torgny Karlsson et al_31501611_2019_R8
## 40            Torgny Karlsson et al_31501611_2019_R11
## 41             Torgny Karlsson et al_31501611_2019_R9
## 42          Frank Windmeijer  et al_31708716_2018_R41
## 43                     Qiying Song_32636122_2020_R123
## 44                     Qiying Song_32636122_2020_R121
## 45                     Qiying Song_32636122_2020_R122
## 46                     Qiying Song_32636122_2020_R120
## 47               Ben Brompton et al_32665587_2020_R15
## 48               Ben Brompton et al_32665587_2020_R14
## 49               Ben Brompton et al_32665587_2020_R19
## 50               Ben Brompton et al_32665587_2020_R20
## 51               Ben Brompton et al_32665587_2020_R21
## 52               Ben Brompton et al_32665587_2020_R22
## 53               Ben Brompton et al_32665587_2020_R17
## 54               Ben Brompton et al_32665587_2020_R16
## 55               Ben Brompton et al_32665587_2020_R23
## 56               Ben Brompton et al_32665587_2020_R18
## 57               Ben Brompton et al_32665587_2020_R13
## 58               Ben Brompton et al_32665587_2020_R24
## 59               Timothy E. Thayer_32712226_2021_R124
## 60            Van Oort Sabine et al_33131310_2020_R47
## 61            Van Oort Sabine et al_33131310_2020_R51
## 62            Van Oort Sabine et al_33131310_2020_R54
## 63            Van Oort Sabine et al_33131310_2020_R55
## 64            Van Oort Sabine et al_33131310_2020_R52
## 65            Van Oort Sabine et al_33131310_2020_R49
## 66            Van Oort Sabine et al_33131310_2020_R50
## 67            Van Oort Sabine et al_33131310_2020_R48
## 68            Van Oort Sabine et al_33131310_2020_R56
## 69            Van Oort Sabine et al_33131310_2020_R53
## 70                   Elina Hypponen_33323262_2019_R88
## 71                   Elina Hypponen_33323262_2019_R91
## 72                   Elina Hypponen_33323262_2019_R89
## 73                   Elina Hypponen_33323262_2019_R90
## 74                   Elina Hypponen_33323262_2019_R87
## 75             Shan-Shan Dong et al_33771188_2021_R27
## 76             Shan-Shan Dong et al_33771188_2021_R29
## 77             Shan-Shan Dong et al_33771188_2021_R30
## 78             Shan-Shan Dong et al_33771188_2021_R35
## 79             Shan-Shan Dong et al_33771188_2021_R32
## 80             Shan-Shan Dong et al_33771188_2021_R33
## 81             Shan-Shan Dong et al_33771188_2021_R34
## 82             Shan-Shan Dong et al_33771188_2021_R39
## 83             Shan-Shan Dong et al_33771188_2021_R28
## 84             Shan-Shan Dong et al_33771188_2021_R40
## 85             Shan-Shan Dong et al_33771188_2021_R38
## 86             Shan-Shan Dong et al_33771188_2021_R25
## 87             Shan-Shan Dong et al_33771188_2021_R31
## 88             Shan-Shan Dong et al_33771188_2021_R36
## 89             Shan-Shan Dong et al_33771188_2021_R37
## 90             Shan-Shan Dong et al_33771188_2021_R26
## 91              Susan Martin et al_33980691_2021_R101
## 92               Susan Martin et al_33980691_2021_R99
## 93               Susan Martin et al_33980691_2021_R96
## 94              Susan Martin et al_33980691_2021_R106
## 95              Susan Martin et al_33980691_2021_R107
## 96              Susan Martin et al_33980691_2021_R103
## 97              Susan Martin et al_33980691_2021_R100
## 98               Susan Martin et al_33980691_2021_R98
## 99              Susan Martin et al_33980691_2021_R102
## 100             Susan Martin et al_33980691_2021_R105
## 101              Susan Martin et al_33980691_2021_R97
## 102             Susan Martin et al_33980691_2021_R104
## 103                    Jingwen Fan_34001814_2021_R112
## 104                    Jingwen Fan_34001814_2021_R111
## 105                    Jingwen Fan_34001814_2021_R110
## 106                    Jingwen Fan_34001814_2021_R113
## 107                Alice Giontella_34120448_2021_R130
## 108                Alice Giontella_34120448_2021_R128
## 109                Alice Giontella_34120448_2021_R132
## 110                Alice Giontella_34120448_2021_R125
## 111                Alice Giontella_34120448_2021_R138
## 112                Alice Giontella_34120448_2021_R131
## 113                Alice Giontella_34120448_2021_R127
## 114                Alice Giontella_34120448_2021_R129
## 115                Alice Giontella_34120448_2021_R141
## 116                Alice Giontella_34120448_2021_R142
## 117                Alice Giontella_34120448_2021_R143
## 118                Alice Giontella_34120448_2021_R144
## 119                Alice Giontella_34120448_2021_R133
## 120                Alice Giontella_34120448_2021_R134
## 121                Alice Giontella_34120448_2021_R135
## 122                Alice Giontella_34120448_2021_R136
## 123                Alice Giontella_34120448_2021_R148
## 124                Alice Giontella_34120448_2021_R137
## 125                Alice Giontella_34120448_2021_R139
## 126                Alice Giontella_34120448_2021_R147
## 127                Alice Giontella_34120448_2021_R140
## 128                Alice Giontella_34120448_2021_R146
## 129                Alice Giontella_34120448_2021_R145
## 130                  Grace M. Power_34465205_2021_R95
## 131              Susan Martin et al_35074047_2022_R71
## 132              Susan Martin et al_35074047_2022_R69
## 133              Susan Martin et al_35074047_2022_R72
## 134              Susan Martin et al_35074047_2022_R70
## 135            Carlos Cinelli et al_35232963_2022_R12
## 136                 Liwan Fu et al_35599089_2022_R116
## 137                 Liwan Fu et al_35599089_2022_R115
## 138                 Liwan Fu et al_35599089_2022_R114
## 139                 Liwan Fu et al_35599089_2022_R119
## 140                 Liwan Fu et al_35599089_2022_R118
## 141                 Liwan Fu et al_35599089_2022_R117
## 142 Nataraja Sarma Vaitinadin et al_35656995_2022_R94
## 143              Wenting Wang et al_35694671_2022_R62
## 144              Wenting Wang et al_35694671_2022_R61
## 145              Wenting Wang et al_35694671_2022_R60
## 146               Wes Spiller et al_35947639_2022_R45
## 147               Wes Spiller et al_35947639_2022_R46
##                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   annotation
## 1                                                                                                                                                  Measured using automatic digital blood pressure monitor moderated elevated BP(SBP > 140mm Hg),Adult,Systolic blood pressure,weight divided by height in square metres,Main,SBP  estimated increase in mm Hg for each 10% increase in BMI,Log transformation of BMI to minimise skewness, 2 SNPs FTOrs9939609 and MC4Rrs17782313. To adjust for BP-lowering effect of medication 10 mm Hg was added to SBP
## 2                                                                                                                                                                                             Measured using automatic digital blood pressure monitor elevated DBP >90mm Hg,Adult,Diastolic blood pressure,weight divided by height in square metres,sensitivity,DBP  estimated increase in mm Hg for each 10% increase in BMI,Log transformation of BMI to minimise skewness, used 2 SNPs(FTO and MCR4). Adjust  for medication by 10mm Hg was added to DBP
## 3                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Self reporting, biochemical measurement, health registry and medical records,Adult,diastolic blood pressure in mm Hg,weight divided by height in square metres,Main,one unit increase in BMI (kg/m2),Metaanalysis of 29 studies
## 4                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              self reported, biochemical measurement, health registry and medical records,Adult,systolic blood pressure in mm Hg,weight divided by height in square metres,Main,one unit increase in BMI (kg/m2),Metaanalysis of 30 studies
## 5                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        self reported, biochemical measurement, health registry and medical records,Adult,Incident hypertension,weight divided by height in square metres,Main,one unit increase in BMI (kg/m2),Only one study, metaanalysis not performed.
## 6                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Self reported, biochemical measurement, health registry and medical records,Adult,Ever hypertension,weight divided by height in square metres,Main,one unit increase in BMI (kg/m2),Metaanalysis of 27 studies.
## 7                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              ,Adult,Systolic blood pressure,weight divided by height in square metres,Main,Estimates are per 1 kg/m2 increase in BMI,BMI allele score of 14 SNPs.  A 1 kg/m2 increase in BMI increased SBP by 0.70 mmHg . 6 studies make up the population
## 8                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                ,Adult,Diastolic blood pressure,weight divided by height in square metres,Main,estimates are per 1kg/m2 increase in BMI,genetic allele risk score of 14 SNPs. A kg//m2 increase in BMI increase DBP by 0.28 mmHg. 6 studies
## 9                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       ,Adult,Diastolic blood pressure,weight divided by height in square metres,Main,Effect per SD change of BMI on trait(SD),non weighted genetic risk score. nonstratified. 10mm Hg added to diastolic blood pressure where medication use was reported.
## 10                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     ,Adult,Diastolic blood pressure,weight divided by height in square metres,secondary,effect per SD change of BMI on trait(SD),Stratified by age <55 years. Use of genetic allele score
## 11                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      ,Adult,Diastolic blood pressure,weight divided by height in square metres,secondary,effect per SD change of BMI on trait(SD),Genetic allele score from 32 SNPs. Stratified by age greater than or equal to 55 years.
## 12                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              ,Adult,Systolic blood pressure,weight divided by height in square metres,secondary,effect per SD change of BMI on trait (SD),unweighted genetic risk score. 15 mmHg added to SBP. stratified on basis of less than 55 years.
## 13                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          ,Adult,Systolic blood pressure,weight divided by height in square metres,secondary,effect per SD change in BMI on trait(SD scale),Genetic allele score of 32 SNPs. greater or equal to 55 years.
## 14                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        ,Adult,Diastolic blood pressure,weight divided by height in square metres,secondary,effect per SD change of BMI on trait (SD scale),unweighted allelic score of 32 SNPs . stratified by sex(women)
## 15                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       ,Adult,Systolic blood pressure,weight divided by height in square metres,secondary,effect per SD change of BMI(SD),allelic risk score of 32 SNPs, stratified on basis of sex(women)
## 16                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            ,Adult,Systolic blood pressure,weight divided by height in square metres,Main,,Non-weighted allelic score. 15mm Hg added to SBP where medication was reported.
## 17                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    ,Adult,Systolic blood pressure,weight divided by height in square metres,secondary,effect per SD change of BMI(SD),unweighted allelic risk score of 32 SNPs and stratified on sex; men
## 18                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          ,Adult,Diastolic blood pressure,weight divided by height in square metres,secondary,effect per SD change of BMI on trait (SD scale),unweighted allelic score of 32 SNPs, stratified on sex; men.
## 19                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               ALSPAC (mm Hg),Childhood,systolic blood pressure not log transformed,weight divided by height in square metres (evaluated as log BMI),sensitivity,IV estimate of SD change of SBP for a 1 SD change of log BMI,FTO SNP only used to compute for IV estimate
## 20                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               ALSPAC (mm Hg),Childhood,systolic blood pressure not log transformed,weight divided by height in square metres,Main,IV estimate of SD change of SBP for a 1 SD change of log BMI ,Test statistic is the mean difference (SD) per 1 SD greater log BMI age 8
## 21                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              ALSPAC (mm Hg) ,Childhood,systolic blood pressure not log transformed,weight divided by height in square metres (evaluated as log BMI),sensitivity,IV estimate of SD change of SBP for a 1 SD change of log BMI,IV estimated from 31 SNPs only excluding FTO
## 22                                                                                                                                          digital blood pressure monitors,Adult,Diastolic blood pressure,weight divided by height in square metres,secondary,1 SD (4.8KG/M2) change in BMI , mm Hg (unstandardised beta coefficients),Polygenic risk score derived from 93 SNPs, adjusted for age, sex, 10 genetic PCs, alcohol intake, smoking, Townsend index and corrected for antihypertensive medication. Reported as unstandardised Beta coefficient
## 23                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   Using digital blood pressure monitor,Adult,Systolic blood pressure,weight divided by height in square metres,secondary,1 SD (4.8kg/m2) change in BMI per change in mm Hg,Polygenic risk score from the 93 SNPs, Beta estimates in mm Hg
## 24                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Self reporting use of antihypertensive medication and having received doctor diagnosis,Adult,Hypertension,weight divided by height in square metres,Main,Per 1 SD change in BMI (4.8kg/m2),The 1 SD represents 4.8kg/m2 change in BMI.  Model adjusted for age, sex, smoking,alcohol intake, towns scores and 10 genetic PCs
## 25                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    BP measured using mercury sphygmanometers (hypertensive SBP>140 or >90mm Hg for DBP) using antihypertensive within the 10 year followup,Adult,Hypertension,,Main,1 kg/m2 increase in BMI ,count genetic risk scores, Korean population
## 26                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       systolic /diastolic greater than 140mm Hg and 90 mm Hg respectively and use of medication,Adult,Hypertension,weight divided vbybheight in square metres,Main,1 Kg/m2 increase in BMI,weighted genetic risk score, Korean population
## 27                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           ,Adult,Systolic blood pressure,weight divided by height in square metres,sensitivity,,Allelic score computed from 96 variants and standardisation of BMI,SBP and allelic score.
## 28                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 ,Adult,Systolic blood pressure,weight divided by height in square metres,sensitivity,,Allele score computed from 96 SNPs, BMI, SBP and allelic score standardised using z-transformation.
## 29                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             ,Adult,Systolic blood pressure,weight divided by height in square metres,Main,,Construct weighted allelic score using estimates from GIANT consortium. BMI, SBP and allelic score standardised using a z-score transformation
## 30                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    ,Adult,Systolic blood pressure,weight divided by height in square metres,sensitivity,,Allelic score from 96 SNPs, BMI, SBP and allelic score standardisation using z-transformation. UKBiobank cohort.
## 31                                                                                                                                                                                                        hypertension as defined in UKBiobank,Adult,Hypertension,weight divided by height in square metres,Main,1 SD increase in BMI allele score proportional to 0.64kg/m2 increase in BMI,BMI is used as a surrogate of adiposity. Update MR method to MR pheWAS. 1 SD increase in BMI allele score is associated with a 0.64kg/m2 increase in BMI.      
## 32                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                ICD 9 and 10, self reporting(doctors diagnosis,Adult,Arterial hypertension,weight divided by height in square metres,sensitivity,Genetically predicted 1kg/m2 increase in body mass index,BMI as a surrogate for adiposity
## 33                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                ICD 9 and 10, self diagnosis(doctor diagnosis),Adult,Arterial hypertension,weight divided by height in square metres,sensitivity,Genetically predicted 1kg/m2 increase in body mass index,BMI as a surrogate for adiposity
## 34                                                                                                                                                                                     ICD 9 and 10, self reporting(doctor diagnosis),Adult,Arterial hypertension,Assessed using bioelectrical impedance technique.  Fat mass index divided by height squared.,secondary,Genetically predicted 1kg/m2 increase in fat mass index,Fat mass index measured using bioelectrical impedance and calculated as analogous to BMI by dividing it with height squared
## 35                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       arterial hypertension aș assessed in UKBiobank,Adult,Arterial hypertension,weight divided by height in square metres,Main,Genetically predicted 1kg/m2 increase in body mass index,BMI as a surrogate for adiposity
## 36                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                ICD 9 and 10, self reporting (Doctor diagnosis),Adult,Arterial hypertension,assessed using bioelectric impedance,secondary,Genetically predicted 1kg/m2 increase in fat-free mass index,Measured using bioelectric impedance and calculated analogous to BMI by dividing by height squared
## 37                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         ICD 9 and 10, self diagnosis(doctor diagnosis),Adult,Arterial hypertension,weight divided by height in square metres,sensitivity,Genetically predicted 1kg/m2 increase in body mass index,BMI as a surrogate for adiposity. 11 outlier identified using MR-PRESSO
## 38                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           ,Adult,Hypertension,Measured using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry,secondary,ORs are given per 1 kg increase in visceral adipose tissue (VAT),They predicted VAT from that measured in 4198 individuals using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry
## 39                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               ,Adult,Hypertension,Measured using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry,Main,ORs are given per 1 kg increase in visceral adipose tissue (VAT),They predicted VAT from that measured in 4198 individuals using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry.
## 40                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           ,Adult,Hypertension,Measured using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry,secondary,ORs are given per 1 kg increase in visceral adipose tissue (VAT),They predicted VAT from that measured in 4198 individuals using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry
## 41                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                ,Adult,hypertension,Measured using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry,Main,ORs are given per 1 kg increase in visceral adipose tissue (VAT),They predicted VAT from that measured in 4198 individuals using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry
## 42                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      ,Adult,Diastolic blood pressure,weight divided by height I square metres,Main,percentage change in DBP due to a 1% change in BMI,log transformed the DBP and BMI due to skewness, 2SLS with zero invalid instruments
## 43                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 ,Childhood,Diastolic blood pressure,waist circumference divided by hip circumference,Main,1 SD increase in WHR (0.064),ALI and CPOOA, GRS
## 44                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               ,Childhood,Systolic blood pressure,waist circumference divided by hip circumference,Main, 1 SD increase in waist hip ratio(0.064),ALIR and CPOOA study, GRS
## 45                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            ,Childhood,Diastolic blood pressure,weight divided by height in square metres,Main,1 SD increase in BMI (4.796kg/m2),ALIR and CPOOA study, GRS
## 46                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  ,Childhood,Systolic blood pressure,weight divided by height in square metres,Main,1 SD increase in BMI (4.796kg/m2),ALIR AND CPOOA studies in China, GRS
## 47                                                                                                                                                              Self reported high blood pressure with current antihypertensive medication and SBP/DBP greater than 140/90 mm Hg.,Adult,High blood pressure,weight divided by height in square metres,secondary,Each unit increase in BMI increased high blood pressure by 1.13 percentage points,Average across HUNT and UKBiobank among siblings with family fixed effects, weighted polygenic risk scores
## 48                                                                                                                                                                              self reported high blood pressure defined as either currently taking medication or SBP /DBP greater than 140/90 mm Hg respectively,Adult,High blood pressure,weight divided by height in square metres,Main,Each unit increase in BMI increased the risk of having high blood pressure by ,average across HUNT and UKBiobank, individual participant data and among siblings
## 49                                                                                                                                                             Self reporting of high blood pressure , current use of medication or SBP/DBP greater than 140/90 mm Hg respectively,Adult,High blood pressure,weight divided by height I metres squared,sensitivity,Each unit increase in BMI increases high blood pressure by 1.42 percentage point,Average estimates in HUNT ad UKBiobank, weighted PRS, 2SMR using weighted modal, non overlapping samples
## 50                                                                                                                                                                                 Self reporting of high blood pressure; current medication or SBP/DBP greater than 140/90 mm Hg,Adult,High blood pressure,weight divided by height in metres squared,sensitivity,Each unit increase in BMI increased high blood pressure by 0.47 percentage point,Average estimate across HUNT and UKBiobank study, MR-Egger slope, non-overlapping samples among siblings
## 51                                                                                                                                                  Self reporting of high blood pressure with medication use or SBP/DBP greater than 140/90 mm Hg,Adult,High blood pressure,weight divided by height in square metres,secondary,Each unit increase in BMI increases high blood pressure by 1.26percentage point,Effect estimates from 23andme study, non-overlapping samples among siblings. Replication of results from HUNT and UKBiobank on 23andme data
## 52                                                                                                                                                                                                              self reporting of high blood pressure,Adult,High blood pressure,weight divided by height in square metres,sensitivity,Each unit increase in BMI increases high blood pressure by 1.38 percentage point,Effects estimates from 23andme study, non-overlapping sibling samples. Replication of results from HUNT and UKBiobank. Weigted median
## 53                                                                                                                                      self reported high blood pressure , current antihypertensive medication or SBP/DBP greater than 140/90 mm Hg,Adult,High blood pressure,weight divided by height in metres squared,secondary,Each unit increase in BMI increased high blood pressure by 0.76 percentage points,Average across HUNT and UKBiobank among siblings, split sample meaning SNP-exposure and SNP-outcome was from different siblings; 2SMR.
## 54                                                                                                                                                                                Self reported with current use of medication or SBP/DBP greater than 140/90 mm Hg,Adult,High blood pressure,weight divided by height in square metres,secondary,Each unit increase in BMI increased high blood pressure by 0.83 percentage points,Average across HUNT and UKBiobank, weighted PRS among siblings. using 2SMR SNP-Exposure and SNP-outcome from same sample
## 55                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Self reporting of high blood pressure,Adult,High blood pressure,weight divided by height in square metres,sensitivity,Each unit increase in BMI increases high blood pressure by 1.38 percentage point,Effect estimates from 23andme, non-overlapping sibling samples and weighted mode, replication results of HUNT and UKBiobank
## 56                                                                                                                                                 self reporting defined as current use of antihypertensive medication or SBP/DBP greater than 140/90 mm Hg respectively,Adult,High blood pressure,weight divided by height in square metres,sensitivity,Each unit increase in BMI increased high blood pressure by 1.04 percentage point,Effect estimates from 2SMR using weighted median, averaged from HUNT and UKBiobank study, non-overlapping samples
## 57  Self reported high blood pressure defined as either currently taking anti-hypertensive medication ad having systolic or diastolic blood pressure above 140mm Hg or 90 mm Hg respectively.,Adult,High blood pressure,weight divided by height in square metres,Main,Each unit increase BMI increased the risk of having high blood pressure by 1.59 percentage points,This entails an average estimate across HUNT and UK Biobank study. This analysis entails Individual participant data among the unrelated, using the weighted polygenic risk scores.
## 58                                                                                                                                                                                                                 Self reporting of high blood pressure,Adult,High blood pressure,weight divided by height in square metres,sensitivity,Each unit increase in BMI increases high blood pressure by 0.92 percentage point,Effect estimates from 23andme, replication results of HUNT and UKBiobank study; non-overlapping sibling samples and MR-Egger slope
## 59                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                ,Adult,Pulmonary arterial hypertension,,Main,,Vanderbilts biobank, GIANT study, strict GRS
## 60                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        ICD 10 from discharge registries,Adult,Essential(primary) hypertension,weight divided by height in square metres,Main,Per 1 SD increase in BMI,Use of individual SNPs, the result represents the pooled estimates from the two cohorts using a fixed effect model.
## 61                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    I10 diagnosis in discharge registries,Adult,Essential(primary)hypertension,weight divided by height in square metres,sensitivity,per 1 SD increase in BMI,Individual SNPs and results of FinnGen study using MR PRESSO
## 62                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                I10 diagnosis of essential hypertension,Adult,Essential(primary)hypertension,weight divided by height in square metres,sensitivity,per 1 SD increase in BMI,Individual SNPs and UKB study using MR-Egger-evidence for potential pleiotropy
## 63                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 I10 diagnosis of essential hypertension,Adult,Essential(primary)hypertension,weight divided by height in square metres,sensitivity,per 1 SD increase in BMI,Individual SNPs and UKB study using MR-PRESSO
## 64                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          I10 diagnosis for essential hypertension,Adult,essential(primary)hypertension,weight divided by height in square metres,sensitivity,per 1 SD increase in BMI,Individual SNPs and results of UKBiobank using IVW 
## 65                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  I10 diagnosis , discharge registries,Adult,Essential(primary) hypertension,weight divided by height in square metres,sensitivity,per 1 SD increase in BMI,Individual SNPs used and results of FinnGen study using weighted median method
## 66                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    I10 diagnosis in discharge registries,Adult,Essential(primary) hypertension,weight divided by height in square metres,sensitivity,per 1 SD increase in BMI,Individual SNPs and results of FinnGen study using MR-Egger
## 67                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          I10 diagnosis in discharge registries,Adult,Essential(primary) hypertension,weight divided by height in square metres,sensitivity,Per 1 SD increase in BMI,Use of individual SNPs and results are specifically for FinnGen study
## 68                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                self reported hypertension,Adult,Hypertension,weight divided by height in square metres,sensitivity,per 1 SD increase in BMI,Individual SNPs and UKB study with self reported hypertension
## 69                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           I10 diagnosis of essential hypertension,Adult,Essential(primary)hypertension,weight divided by height in square metres,sensitivity,per 1 SD increase in BMI,Individual SNPs and UKB study using weighted median
## 70                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 ,Adult,,weight divided by height in square metres,sensitivity,OR per 1 SD or 4.1kg/m2 of higher BMI,Genetic allele score from 76 variants
## 71                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       ,Adult,Hypertension,weight divided by height in square metres,sensitivity,OR per 1 SD or 4.1kg/m2 of higher BMI,Genetic allele score of 59 variants
## 72                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       ,Adult,Hypertension,weight divided by height in square metres,sensitivity,OR per 1 SD or 4.1kg/m2 of higher BMI,Genetic allele score of 76 variants
## 73                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      ,Adult,Hypertension,weight divided by height in square metres,sensitivity,OR per 1 SD or 4.1 kg/m2 of higher BMI,Genetic allele score of 76 variants
## 74                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   ,Adult,Hypertension,weight divided by height in square metres,Main,OR per one SD or 4.1kg/m2 higher BMI,Genetic risk score calculated from 76 variants.
## 75                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   I10 Essential hypertension,Childhood,Essential hypertension,weight divided by height in square metres,sensitivity,1 SD increase in childhood BMI is associated with 11% odds of essential hypertension,
## 76                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Vascular/heart problems diagnosed by doctor: High blood pressure,Childhood,High blood pressure,weight divided by heigh in square metres,secondary,1 SD increase in childhood BMI associated with 14% odds for high blood pressure,Vascular/heart problems diagnosed by doctor: High blood pressure
## 77                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Vascular/heart problems diagnosed by doctor: High blood pressure,Childhood,High blood pressure,weight divided by height in square metres,secondary,1 SD increase in childhood BMI is associated with 13% odds for high blood pressure,Vascular/heart problems diagnosed by doctor: High blood pressure
## 78                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                ,Adult,I10 Essential hypertension,weight divided by height in square metres,sensitivity,1 SD increase in adult BMI is associated with 23% odds for essential hypertension,
## 79                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Vascular/heart problems diagnosed by doctor: high blood pressure,Childhood,High blood pressure,weight divided by height in square metres,secondary,1 SD increase in childhood BMI is associated with 37% odds for high blood pressure,Vascular/heart problems diagnosed by doctor: high blood pressure
## 80                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       ,Adult,I10 Essential hypertension,weight divided by height in square metres,Main,1 SD increase in adult BMI is associated with 21% odds for essential hypertension,
## 81                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                ,Adult,I10 Essential hypertension,weight divided by height in square metres,sensitivity,1 SD increase in adult BMI is associated with 23% odds for essential hypertension,
## 82                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Vascular/heart problems diagnosed by doctor:high blood pressure,Adult,High blood pressure,weight divided by height in square metres,sensitivity,1 SD increase in adult BMI is associated with 30% odds for high blood pressure,vascular/herat problems diagnosed by doctor:high blood pressure
## 83                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   I10 Essential hypertension,Childhood,Essential hypertension,weight divided by height in square metres,sensitivity,1 SD increase in childhood BMI is associated with 21% odds of essential hypertension,
## 84                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Vascular/heart problems diagnosed by doctor:high blood pressure,Adult,High blood pressure,weight divided by height in square metres,sensitivity,1 SD increase in adult BMI is associated with 25% odds for high blood pressure,Vascular/heart problems diagnosed by doctor:high blood pressure
## 85                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Vascular/heart problems diagnosed by doctor: high blood pressure,Adult,High blood pressure,weight divided by height in square metres,sensitivity,1 SD increase in adult BMI is associated with 30% odds for high blood pressure,Vascular/heart problems diagnosed by doctor: high blood pressure
## 86                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           I10 Essential primary hypertension,Childhood,Essential hypertension,Weight divided by heigh in square metres,Main,1 SD increase in childhood BMI was associated with 12% higher odds of essential hypertension,
## 87                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Vascular/heart problems diagnosed by doctor:high blood pressure,Childhood,High blood pressure,weight divided by height in square metres,secondary,1 SD increase in childhood BMI is associated with 14% odds for high blood pressure,Vascular/heart problems diagnosed by doctor
## 88                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                ,Adult,I10 essential hypertension,weight divided by height in square metres,sensitivity,1 SD increase in adult BMI is associated with 14% odds for essential hypertension,
## 89                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     Vascular/heart problems diagnosed by doctor:high blood pressure,Adult,High blood pressure,weight divided by height I square metres,Main,1 SD increase in adult BMI is associated with 31% odds of high blood pressure,Vascular/heart problems diagnosed by doctor:high blood pressure
## 90                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   I10 Essential hypertension,Childhood,Essential hypertension,weight divided by height in square metres,sensitivity,1 SD increase in childhood BMI is associated with 11% odds of essential hypertension,
## 91                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         ,Adult,Hypertension,MRI scan on body fat percentage,sensitivity,1 SD higher UFA,UKBB only, unfavourable adiposity
## 92                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      ,Adult,Hypertension,MRI scan of body fat percentage-favourable adiposity,Main,1 SD higher genetically instrumented FA associated with decreased risk,UKBB, favourable adiposity genetic risk scores 
## 93                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    ,Adult,Hypertension,MRI scan to measure body fat percentage,Main,A 1-SD higher genetically instrumented UFA (unfavourable adiposity) was associated with increased risk,UKBB independent data sets including published GWAS and FinnGen. UFA genetic score associated with higher body fat percentage.
## 94                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          ,Adult,Hypertension,MRI scan of body fat percentage,sensitivity,1 SD genetically instrument FA,FinnGen study, FA
## 95                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  ,Adult,Hypertension,MRI scan of body fat percentage-FA,sensitivity,1 SD genetically instrumented FA,FinnGen study and FA
## 96                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            ,Adult,Hypertension,MRI scan of body fat percentage,sensitivity, 1 SD Genetically instrumented FA,UKBB, FA favorable adiposity
## 97                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               ,Adult,Hypertension,MRI scan of body fat percentage,sensitivity,1 SD higher genetically instrumented UFA,UKBB only, unfavourable adiposity 
## 98                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            ,Adult,Hypertension,MRI scan for body fat percentage,Main,A 1 SD higher genetically instrumented UFA associated with increased risk in UKBB,UKBB, unfavourable adiposity (UFA) genetic risk scores taken from body fat percentage distribution
## 99                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           ,Adult,Hypertension,MRI scan for body fat percentage,sensitivity,1 SD higher genetically instrumented favourable adiposity (FA),UKBB only, favourable adiposity
## 100                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      ,Adult,Hypertension,MRI scan of body fat percentage,sensitivity,1 SD genetically instrumented,FinnGen study, unfavourable adiposity
## 101                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               ,Adult,Hypertension,MRI scan of body fat percentage,Main,1 SD higher genetically instrumented FA was associated with lower risk ,Public GWAS and FinnGen independent of UKBB. Genetic risk scores of Favourable adiposity.
## 102                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   ,Adult,Hypertension,MRI scan of body fat percentage,sensitivity,1 SD genetically instrumented UFA,FinnGen study, Unfavorable adiposity
## 103                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 ,Childhood,Hypertension,weight divided by height in square metres,Main,Per 1 SD increase in childhood obesity,UKBiobank essential hypertension, includes SNPs that did not get to significance threshold
## 104                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         ,Childhood,Hypertension,weight divided by height in square metres,sensitivity,Per 1 SD increase in childhood obesity,UKBioank essential hypertension consortium, GWAS reaching the pvalue significance threshold
## 105                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         ,Childhood,hypertension,weight divided by height in square metres,Main,per 1 SD increase in childhood body mass index,UKBiobank essential hypertension consortium, no pleiotropy
## 106                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       ,Childhood,Hypertension,weight divided by height in square metres,sensitivity,Per 1 SD increase in childhood obesity,UKBiobank essential hypertension consortium, included SNPs not meeting significance threshold
## 107                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 ,Adult,Systolic blood pressure,waistband hip circumference,Main,Per 1 SD increase,manual measurement of SBP at baseline in MDC cohort, GRS;UKB and GIANT
## 108                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           ,Adult,Systolic blood pressure,MRI scan of VAT from original GWAS (UKB),Main,Per 1 SD increase in VAT associated with 0.326 increase in SBP,Manual measurement of SBP, GRS;UKB
## 109                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                ,Adult,Systolic blood pressure,,Main,Per 1 SD ,SBP baseline in MDC Cohort, GRS ;UKBiobank
## 110                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Manual measurement of SBP at baseline,Adult,Systolic blood pressure,weight divided by height in square metres,Main,Per 1 SD increase in GRS565 BMI,Manual measurement of SBP at baseline in MPP cohort, GRS score . UKB and GIANT for GRS weighting
## 111                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                ,Adult,Diastolic blood pressure,waist and hip circumference ratio,Main,Per 1 SD,DBP measured in MDC cohort at baseline. GRS;UKB and GIANT
## 112                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             ,Adult,Systolic blood pressure,Bioelectric impedance analysers,Main,Per 1 SD ,manual measurement of SBP in MDC cohort at baseline,GRS; UKB, Body fat GRS approximated on BMI
## 113                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        ,Adult,Systolic blood pressure,Bioelectrical impedance analyser,Main,Per 1 SD,Manual measurement of SBP, GRS, UKB
## 114                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               ,Adult,Systolic blood pressure,weight divided by height in square metres,Main,Per 1 SD increase,Manual measurement of SBP in MDC cohort, GRS;UKB and GIANT
## 115                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  ,Adult,Systolic blood pressure,weight divided by height in square metres,sensitivity,Per 1 SD,SBP measured in MPP cohort at followup, GRS;UKB and GIANT
## 116                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 ,Adult,Systolic blood pressure,waist and hip circumference ratio,sensitivity,Per 1 SD,SBP measured in MPP at followup, GRS;UKB and GIANT
## 117                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               ,Adult,Systolic blood pressure,weight divided by height in square metres,sensitivity,Per 1 SD increase in BF percentage,SBP measured in MPP at followup, GRS;UKB and GIANT
## 118                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         ,Adult,Systolic blood pressure,weight divided by height in square metres,sensitivity,Per 1 SD,SBP measured in MPP at followup, GRS;UKB and GIANT, VAT GRS on BMI
## 119                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    ,Adult,Diastolic blood pressure,weight divided by height in square metres,Main,Per 1 SD ,Diastolic blood pressure in MPP cohort, baseline measures, GRS;UKB and GIANT
## 120                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               ,Adult,Diastolic blood pressure,waist and hip circumference ratio,Main,Per 1 SD,DBP in MPP cohort baseline measurement, GRS;UKB and GIANT.
## 121                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                ,Adult,Diastolic blood pressure,bioelectric impedance analyser ,Main,Per 1 SD,DBP in MPP cohort at baseline, Body fat GRS on BMI, GRS;UKB
## 122                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            ,Adult,Diastolic blood pressure,MRI scan for VAT in UKBiobank for original GWAS ,Main,Per 1 SD ,DBP measured in MPP cohort at baseline, GRS;UKB,VATgrs on BMI
## 123                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    ,Adult,Diastolic blood pressure,MRI scan in UKB for VAT,sensitivity,Per 1 SD,DBP measured in MPP at followup, GRS;UKB, VAT GRS on BMI
## 124                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             ,Adult,Diastolic blood pressure,weight divided by height in square metres,Main,Per 1 SD ,DBP measured in MDC cohort, GRS;UKB
## 125                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       ,Adult,Diastolic blood pressure,Bioelectric impedance,Main,Per 1 SD,DBP measured in MDC cohort at baseline, GRS;UKB. BF GRS on BMI
## 126                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            ,Adult,Diastolic blood pressure,Bioelectric impedance,sensitivity,Per 1 SD,DBP measured in MPP at followup, GRS; UKB and GIANT, BF GRS on BMI
## 127                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             ,Adult,Diastolic blood pressure,MR scan of VAT in UKB,Main,Per 1 SD,DBP measured in MDC at baseline, GRS;UKB, VAT GRS on BMI
## 128                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                ,Adult,Diastolic blood pressure,waist and hip circumference ratio,sensitivity,Per 1 SD,DBP measured in MPP at followup, GRS;UKB and GIANT
## 129                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   ,Adult,Diastolic blood pressure,weight divided by height in square metres,sensitivity,Per 1 SD,DBP measured in MPP cohort follow up, GRS;UKB and GIANT
## 130                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     ,Childhood,Hypertension,weight divided by height in square metres,Main,odds of each change in weight category,UKBiobank cohort exposure variable, SNP-outcome from FinnGen study. Transformed the BMI into categorical data in UKBB.
## 131                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       ,Adult,Hypertension,Bioimpedance measurements,secondary,,Favourable adiposity (FA)
## 132                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      ,Adult,Hypertension,weight divided by height in square metres,Main,,Finngen cohort, BMI as exposure
## 133                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       ,Adult,Hypertension,Bioimpedance,secondary,,Unfavourable adiposity
## 134                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    ,Adult,Hypertension,Bioimpedance measures of body fat percentage,secondary,,Body fat percentage measured in UKBiobank
## 135                                                           An automated reading form an Moron blood pressure monitor,Adult,Diastolic blood pressure,weight divided by height in square metres. Height measure to the nearest centimetre using a Seca 202 device and weight to the nearest  0.1 kg using Tanita BC418MA body composition analyzer.,Main,,The instruments were summarised into a weighted polygenic risk score similar to what is Lyalls paper. The weights derived form the effect estimated reported by GIANT (beta per 1-SD unit of BMI)
## 136                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         ,Childhood,Systolic blood pressure,Bioelectric impedance(fat mass percentage),Main,Per 1 SD increase in fat mass percentage(8.53),BCAMS, fat mass percentage, Genetic risk score
## 137                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               ,Childhood,Systolic blood pressure,waist circumference divided by height(WHtR),Main, per 1 SD increase in WHtR(0.07),BCAMS
## 138                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             ,Childhood,Systolic blood pressure,weight divided y height in square metres,Main,1 SD increase in BMI (4.93 kg/m2),Beijing Children and adolescents Metabolic Syndrome study
## 139                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  ,Childhood,Diastolic blood pressure,Bioimpedance -fat mass percentage,Main,Per 1 SD increase in fat mass percentage (FMP)8.53,BCAMS,GRS
## 140                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                ,Childhood,Diastolic blood pressure,waist circumference divided by height,Main,Per 1 SD increase in WHtR(0.07),BCAMS, GRS
## 141                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           ,Childhood,Diastolic blood pressure,weight divided by height in square metres,Main,1 SD increase in BMI(4.83kg/m2),BCAMS, GRS 
## 142                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       Transthoracic echocardiography,Adult,Grade 1 Diastolic Dysfunction,weight divided by height in square metres,Main,1 SD increase in BMI,Vanderbilts biobank, no significant saps used SNPs at 10e-6
## 143                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        ,Adult,Gestational hypertension,weight divided by height in square metres,sensitivity,,Hypertension disorders during pregnancy. Two cohorts Giant(exposure) and FinnGen(outcome).
## 144                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         ,Adult,Gestational hypertension,weight divided by height in square metres,sensitivity,,Hypertension disorders during pregnancy. Two cohorts GIANT(exposure) and FinnGen(outcome)
## 145                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     Finger study description,Adult,Gestational hypertension,weight divided by height in square metres,Main,,hypertension disorders during pregnancy, two cohorts GIANT (exposure) and FinnGen (outcome).
## 146                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               Digital blood pressure monitors,Adult,Systolic blood pressure,weight divided by height in square metres,Main,,Z-transformation to standardise BMI, SBP and weighted PRS. Construct a weighted PRS using the variants from Giant consortium
## 147                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             Digital blood pressure monitors,Adult,Systolic blood pressure,weight divided by height in square metres,sensitivity,,z-transformation to standardise BMI, SBP and weighted PRS. Construct a weighted PRS using the variants from Giant consortium. MR-GENIUS
##                                                ID
## 1          Nicholas J Timpson et al_19470880_2009
## 2          Nicholas J Timpson et al_19470880_2009
## 3                   Tove Fall et al_23824655_2013
## 4                   Tove Fall et al_23824655_2013
## 5                   Tove Fall et al_23824655_2013
## 6                   Tove Fall et al_23824655_2013
## 7                  Michael V Holmes_24462370_2014
## 8                  Michael V Holmes_24462370_2014
## 9                   Tove Fall et al_25712996_2015
## 10                  Tove Fall et al_25712996_2015
## 11                  Tove Fall et al_25712996_2015
## 12                  Tove Fall et al_25712996_2015
## 13                  Tove Fall et al_25712996_2015
## 14                  Tove Fall et al_25712996_2015
## 15                  Tove Fall et al_25712996_2015
## 16                  Tove Fall et al_25712996_2015
## 17                  Tove Fall et al_25712996_2015
## 18                  Tove Fall et al_25712996_2015
## 19           LouiseAC Millard et al_26568383_2015
## 20           LouiseAC Millard et al_26568383_2015
## 21           LouiseAC Millard et al_26568383_2015
## 22             Donald M loyal et al_28678979_2017
## 23             Donald M loyal et al_28678979_2017
## 24             Donald M loyal et al_28678979_2017
## 25                       Mee-Ri Lee_30045251_2018
## 26                       Mee-Ri Lee_30045251_2018
## 27                Wes Spiller et al_30462199_2018
## 28                Wes Spiller et al_30462199_2018
## 29                Wes Spiller et al_30462199_2018
## 30                Wes Spiller et al_30462199_2018
## 31               Louise A.C.Millard_30707692_2019
## 32         Susanna C. Larsson et al_31195408_2020
## 33         Susanna C. Larsson et al_31195408_2020
## 34         Susanna C. Larsson et al_31195408_2020
## 35         Susanna C. Larsson et al_31195408_2020
## 36         Susanna C. Larsson et al_31195408_2020
## 37         Susanna C. Larsson et al_31195408_2020
## 38            Torgny Karlsson et al_31501611_2019
## 39            Torgny Karlsson et al_31501611_2019
## 40            Torgny Karlsson et al_31501611_2019
## 41            Torgny Karlsson et al_31501611_2019
## 42          Frank Windmeijer  et al_31708716_2018
## 43                      Qiying Song_32636122_2020
## 44                      Qiying Song_32636122_2020
## 45                      Qiying Song_32636122_2020
## 46                      Qiying Song_32636122_2020
## 47               Ben Brompton et al_32665587_2020
## 48               Ben Brompton et al_32665587_2020
## 49               Ben Brompton et al_32665587_2020
## 50               Ben Brompton et al_32665587_2020
## 51               Ben Brompton et al_32665587_2020
## 52               Ben Brompton et al_32665587_2020
## 53               Ben Brompton et al_32665587_2020
## 54               Ben Brompton et al_32665587_2020
## 55               Ben Brompton et al_32665587_2020
## 56               Ben Brompton et al_32665587_2020
## 57               Ben Brompton et al_32665587_2020
## 58               Ben Brompton et al_32665587_2020
## 59                Timothy E. Thayer_32712226_2021
## 60            Van Oort Sabine et al_33131310_2020
## 61            Van Oort Sabine et al_33131310_2020
## 62            Van Oort Sabine et al_33131310_2020
## 63            Van Oort Sabine et al_33131310_2020
## 64            Van Oort Sabine et al_33131310_2020
## 65            Van Oort Sabine et al_33131310_2020
## 66            Van Oort Sabine et al_33131310_2020
## 67            Van Oort Sabine et al_33131310_2020
## 68            Van Oort Sabine et al_33131310_2020
## 69            Van Oort Sabine et al_33131310_2020
## 70                   Elina Hypponen_33323262_2019
## 71                   Elina Hypponen_33323262_2019
## 72                   Elina Hypponen_33323262_2019
## 73                   Elina Hypponen_33323262_2019
## 74                   Elina Hypponen_33323262_2019
## 75             Shan-Shan Dong et al_33771188_2021
## 76             Shan-Shan Dong et al_33771188_2021
## 77             Shan-Shan Dong et al_33771188_2021
## 78             Shan-Shan Dong et al_33771188_2021
## 79             Shan-Shan Dong et al_33771188_2021
## 80             Shan-Shan Dong et al_33771188_2021
## 81             Shan-Shan Dong et al_33771188_2021
## 82             Shan-Shan Dong et al_33771188_2021
## 83             Shan-Shan Dong et al_33771188_2021
## 84             Shan-Shan Dong et al_33771188_2021
## 85             Shan-Shan Dong et al_33771188_2021
## 86             Shan-Shan Dong et al_33771188_2021
## 87             Shan-Shan Dong et al_33771188_2021
## 88             Shan-Shan Dong et al_33771188_2021
## 89             Shan-Shan Dong et al_33771188_2021
## 90             Shan-Shan Dong et al_33771188_2021
## 91               Susan Martin et al_33980691_2021
## 92               Susan Martin et al_33980691_2021
## 93               Susan Martin et al_33980691_2021
## 94               Susan Martin et al_33980691_2021
## 95               Susan Martin et al_33980691_2021
## 96               Susan Martin et al_33980691_2021
## 97               Susan Martin et al_33980691_2021
## 98               Susan Martin et al_33980691_2021
## 99               Susan Martin et al_33980691_2021
## 100              Susan Martin et al_33980691_2021
## 101              Susan Martin et al_33980691_2021
## 102              Susan Martin et al_33980691_2021
## 103                     Jingwen Fan_34001814_2021
## 104                     Jingwen Fan_34001814_2021
## 105                     Jingwen Fan_34001814_2021
## 106                     Jingwen Fan_34001814_2021
## 107                 Alice Giontella_34120448_2021
## 108                 Alice Giontella_34120448_2021
## 109                 Alice Giontella_34120448_2021
## 110                 Alice Giontella_34120448_2021
## 111                 Alice Giontella_34120448_2021
## 112                 Alice Giontella_34120448_2021
## 113                 Alice Giontella_34120448_2021
## 114                 Alice Giontella_34120448_2021
## 115                 Alice Giontella_34120448_2021
## 116                 Alice Giontella_34120448_2021
## 117                 Alice Giontella_34120448_2021
## 118                 Alice Giontella_34120448_2021
## 119                 Alice Giontella_34120448_2021
## 120                 Alice Giontella_34120448_2021
## 121                 Alice Giontella_34120448_2021
## 122                 Alice Giontella_34120448_2021
## 123                 Alice Giontella_34120448_2021
## 124                 Alice Giontella_34120448_2021
## 125                 Alice Giontella_34120448_2021
## 126                 Alice Giontella_34120448_2021
## 127                 Alice Giontella_34120448_2021
## 128                 Alice Giontella_34120448_2021
## 129                 Alice Giontella_34120448_2021
## 130                  Grace M. Power_34465205_2021
## 131              Susan Martin et al_35074047_2022
## 132              Susan Martin et al_35074047_2022
## 133              Susan Martin et al_35074047_2022
## 134              Susan Martin et al_35074047_2022
## 135            Carlos Cinelli et al_35232963_2022
## 136                  Liwan Fu et al_35599089_2022
## 137                  Liwan Fu et al_35599089_2022
## 138                  Liwan Fu et al_35599089_2022
## 139                  Liwan Fu et al_35599089_2022
## 140                  Liwan Fu et al_35599089_2022
## 141                  Liwan Fu et al_35599089_2022
## 142 Nataraja Sarma Vaitinadin et al_35656995_2022
## 143              Wenting Wang et al_35694671_2022
## 144              Wenting Wang et al_35694671_2022
## 145              Wenting Wang et al_35694671_2022
## 146               Wes Spiller et al_35947639_2022
## 147               Wes Spiller et al_35947639_2022

Forest plots

Main findings

Odds ratio

Hypertension

Exclude incident and gestational hypertension from the analysis. Limit the analysis to European population only denoted by EUR. We have excluded results where the exposure is not BMI, by including how the exposure was measured. Louise AC Millard paper reports their findings in terms of 1 SD higher BMI genetic risk score (SD increase in BMI allelic score equates to 0.64kg/m2 increase in BMI). Original SD in the UKBiobank is 4.77kg/m2. to scale the estimates to 1 SD scale. we have multiplied the odds by (4.77/0.64 = 7.45)

Tove Fall, include the prevalent hypertension as the main findings and not ever hypertension since it has a very small sample size, using 1 SNP at FTO locus(one unit increase in BMI(kg/m2). The results are expressed in terms of per unit increase in BMI 1 kg/m2. To convert the estimates to 1 SD scale, we have multiplied the odds estimates with the BMI units equivalence of SD in the GWAS included in the study. 1 SD = 4.62 kg/m2.

Sussana et al, they used UKBB, to convert the estimates from per unit increase in BMI 1kg/m2 to 1 SD scale, we multiply the odds increase by 4.77.

e.g OR=1.1,LI=1.07,UI=1.12 then; OR=(1.1-1)4.77+1; LI=(1.07-1)4.77+1; UI=(1.12-1)*4.77+1

p1 <-
  dat1 %>% 
  arrange(ID) %>% 
  #group_by(pmid) %>% 
  filter(effectsizetype_id=="ID1" &OUTCOMEID=="O1"  & exposurenotes=="Adult" &outcomenotes!="Gestational hypertension" &outcomenotes!="Incident hypertension"& population =="EUR" &AnalysisType=="Main" & EXPOSURE == "BMI") %>% 
  ggplot(aes(y=reorder(ID,-year),x=effectsize_per1SD,xmin=LI_per1SD,xmax=UI_per1SD)) +
  geom_segment(aes(yend=ID,xend=effectsize_per1SD))+
  geom_point(aes(color=no_ofIVs)) +
  geom_errorbarh(height=.2) +
  labs(title='Forest plot based on odds ratio', x='Odds ratio (95% CI) per SD increase in BMI', y = 'Author_PMID_Year') +
  geom_vline(xintercept=1, color='black', linetype='dashed', alpha=.5) +
  #facet_grid(outcomename ~ exposurename)+
  theme_classic()
ggplotly(p1)
## Warning: `gather_()` was deprecated in tidyr 1.2.0.
## ℹ Please use `gather()` instead.
## ℹ The deprecated feature was likely used in the plotly package.
##   Please report the issue at <https://github.com/plotly/plotly.R/issues>.

Results of genetically predicted adulthood BMI in relation to hypertension. Results are scaled to per 1 SD increase in BMI. This analyses focuses exclusively on individuals of European ancestry.

What does this plot tell you?

Of the 7 studies that are reporting MR results of hypertension, the evidence therefore shows that genetically predicted higher adulthood BMI is associated with increased risk for hypertension.

This metaanalysis found consistent results of higher genetically predicted BMI and increased risk for hypertension. Unlike Martin et al with inflated causal estimates the other papers are consistent even when with as low as 1 instrument; the case of Fall et al 2013.

Louise et al used BMI genetic allelic score which is an instrument of lifelong BMI (exposure) instead of BMI at a given age.However we converted the scale to SD to match the rest of the papers

#write down results table to accompany the plot
P1 <-
  dat1 %>% 
  arrange(ID) %>% 
  #group_by(pmid) %>% 
  filter(effectsizetype_id=="ID1" &OUTCOMEID=="O1"  & exposurenotes=="Adult" &outcomenotes!="Gestational hypertension" &outcomenotes!="Incident hypertension"& population =="EUR" &AnalysisType=="Main" & EXPOSURE == "BMI")

#perform metanalysis to have the plots side by side
# Calculate the log odds ratios and their standard errors
#P1
P1$logor <- log(P1$effectsize_per1SD)
P1$SE <- (log(P1$UI_per1SD) - log(P1$LI_per1SD)) / (2*qnorm(0.025))

# Perform the meta-analysis using the random-effects model
mr_meta <- rma(yi = P1$logor, sei = P1$SE, method = "REML",measure = "OR")

# Print the summary of the meta-analysis results
summary(mr_meta)
## 
## Random-Effects Model (k = 7; tau^2 estimator: REML)
## 
##   logLik  deviance       AIC       BIC      AICc  ​ 
##   3.9444   -7.8889   -3.8889   -4.3054    0.1111   
## 
## tau^2 (estimated amount of total heterogeneity): 0.0088 (SE = 0.0067)
## tau (square root of estimated tau^2 value):      0.0937
## I^2 (total heterogeneity / total variability):   86.35%
## H^2 (total variability / sampling variability):  7.33
## 
## Test for Heterogeneity:
## Q(df = 6) = 31.0705, p-val < .0001
## 
## Model Results:
## 
## estimate      se     zval    pval   ci.lb   ci.ub     ​ 
##   0.4595  0.0412  11.1643  <.0001  0.3788  0.5402  *** 
## 
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
#funnel plot
funnel(mr_meta)

# print the corresponding confidence intervals
confint(mr_meta)
## 
##        estimate   ci.lb   ci.ub 
## tau^2    0.0088  0.0021  0.0874 
## tau      0.0937  0.0461  0.2956 
## I^2(%)  86.3542 60.4829 98.4368 
## H^2      7.3283  2.5305 63.9706
#funnel plot
#funnel(mr_meta)

# forest(mr_meta,xlab = "Odds Ratio",transf = exp,refline = 1,slab = P1$ID,
#        xlim = c(-16,10),ilab = cbind(P1$NO_ofIVs, P1$unitsofmeasurement, P1$outcomenotes),ilab.xpos = c(-11,-8,-5),order = 'obs')
# op <- par(cex = 0.75, font =2)
# text(-9.5,15,"No_of_IVs")
# text(-16,15,'Authors, PMID and Year', pos=4)
# text(6,15,"Odds Ratio [95% CI]",pos = 2)

# text(-16, -1, pos=4, cex=0.75, bquote(paste("RE Model (Q = ",
#      .(formatC(mr_meta$QE, digits=2, format="f")), ", df = ", .(mr_meta$k - mr_meta$p),
#      ", p = ", .(formatC(mr_meta$QEp, digits=2, format="f")), "; ", I^2, " = ",
#      .(formatC(mr_meta$I2, digits=1, format="f")), "%)")))
# par(op)


# Create a forest plot of the meta-analysis results
# forest(mr_meta)#, showweights = TRUE, slab = P1$ID)
# # Create a forest plot of the meta-analysis results
ggplot(P1, aes(x = log(effectsize_per1SD), y = ID, xmin = log(LI_per1SD), xmax = log(UI_per1SD))) +
  geom_errorbarh(height = 0.1) +
  geom_vline(xintercept = 0, linetype = "dashed") +
  geom_point(aes(size = 1 / SE), shape = 21, fill = "white", color = "black") +
  scale_size(range = c(2, 8)) +
  #coord_flip() +
  labs(x = "Odds ratio (log scale)", y = "", title = "Forest plot of Mendelian Randomization studies") +
  theme_classic() +
  theme(axis.text.y = element_text(size = 10), plot.title = element_text(hjust = 0.5, size = 12, face = "bold"))

#d = sapply(P1[,c(48,6,17,33,34)],strwrap,width = 50, collapse = "\n")
text_wrap <- function(label, ...){
  labwrap <- stringr::str_wrap(label, 40)
  gridExtra:::text_grob(label=labwrap, ...)
}
tt <- ttheme_default(core=list(fg_fun = text_wrap))

grid.table(P1[,c(45,6,33)],theme =tt)

P1
##     pmid.y results_id AnalysisType OUTCOMEID EXPOSURE NO_ofIVs methodid
## 1 28678979        R42         Main        O1      BMI       93      M10
## 2 33323262        R87         Main        O1      BMI       76       M1
## 3 30707692        R59         Main        O1      BMI       97       M1
## 4 35074047        R69         Main        O1      BMI       73       M1
## 5 31195408        R63         Main        O1      BMI       96       M1
## 6 23824655         R1         Main        O1      BMI        1       M5
## 7 33131310        R47         Main        O1      BMI      812       M1
##                           GWASofexposure effectsizetype_id
## 1                                                      ID1
## 2                                                      ID1
## 3                                                      ID1
## 4                       Locke et al;2015               ID1
## 5                                                      ID1
## 6 Metaanalysis of17 GWAs(SD = 4.62kg/m2)               ID1
## 7                                                      ID1
##                                          UID effectsize effectsize_per1SD
## 1     Donald M loyal et al_28678979_2017_R42      1.640             1.640
## 2           Elina Hypponen_33323262_2019_R87      1.550             1.550
## 3       Louise A.C.Millard_30707692_2019_R59      1.077             1.574
## 4       Susan Martin et al_35074047_2022_R69      2.180             2.180
## 5 Susanna C. Larsson et al_31195408_2020_R63      1.100             1.477
## 6           Tove Fall et al_23824655_2013_R1      1.128             1.591
## 7    Van Oort Sabine et al_33131310_2020_R47      1.420             1.420
##   lowerinterval LI_per1SD upperinterval UI_per1SD   pvalue exposureid.x se
## 1         1.480     1.480         1.830     1.830 1.10e-19           E1  0
## 2         1.370     1.370         1.760     1.760 0.00e+00           E1  0
## 3         1.068     1.507         1.085     1.633 0.00e+00           E1  0
## 4         1.800     1.800         2.640     2.640 2.00e-11           E1  0
## 5         1.070     1.334         1.120     1.572 3.40e-16           E1  0
## 6         1.070     1.323         1.189     1.873 7.00e-06           E1  0
## 7         1.370     1.370         1.480     1.480 3.12e-81           E1  0
##                                            strata effectsizetype  methodname
## 1                                                             OR        TSLS
## 2                                                             OR         IVW
## 3                                                             OR         IVW
## 4                                                             OR         IVW
## 5                                                             OR         IVW
## 6                                                             OR IVestimator
## 7 Pooled results of two cohorts(FinniGen and UKB)             OR         IVW
##   Exposureid_resultsid exposureid.y exposurename
## 1               E1_R42           E1          BMI
## 2               E1_R87           E1          BMI
## 3               E1_R59           E1          BMI
## 4               E1_R69           E1          BMI
## 5               E1_R63           E1          BMI
## 6                E1_R1           E1          BMI
## 7               E1_R47           E1          BMI
##                            exposuremeasured exposurenotes outcomeid_resultsid
## 1 weight divided by height in square metres         Adult              O1_R42
## 2 weight divided by height in square metres         Adult              O1_R87
## 3 weight divided by height in square metres         Adult              O1_R59
## 4 weight divided by height in square metres         Adult              O1_R69
## 5 weight divided by height in square metres         Adult              O1_R63
## 6 weight divided by height in square metres         Adult               O1_R1
## 7 weight divided by height in square metres         Adult              O1_R47
##   outcomeid.y  outcomename
## 1          O1 hypertension
## 2          O1 hypertension
## 3          O1 hypertension
## 4          O1 hypertension
## 5          O1 hypertension
## 6          O1 hypertension
## 7          O1 hypertension
##                                                                          outcomemeasured
## 1 Self reporting use of antihypertensive medication and having received doctor diagnosis
## 2                                                                                       
## 3                                                   hypertension as defined in UKBiobank
## 4                                                                                       
## 5                                         arterial hypertension aș assessed in UKBiobank
## 6            Self reported, biochemical measurement, health registry and medical records
## 7                                                       ICD 10 from discharge registries
##   totalsamplesize_outcome X.cases_outcome control_outcome
## 1                   32874               0               0
## 2                       0               0               0
## 3                       0               0               0
## 4                       0               0               0
## 5                  367703          119500          248203
## 6                  155191           56271           98470
## 7                  553225           70228          482997
##                      outcomenotes notesid no_ofIVs
## 1                    Hypertension     N42       93
## 2                    Hypertension     N87       76
## 3                    Hypertension     N59       97
## 4                    Hypertension     N69       73
## 5           Arterial hypertension     N63       96
## 6               Ever hypertension      N1        1
## 7 Essential(primary) hypertension     N47      812
##                                                            unitsofmeasurement
## 1                                           Per 1 SD change in BMI (4.8kg/m2)
## 2                                        OR per one SD or 4.1kg/m2 higher BMI
## 3 1 SD increase in BMI allele score proportional to 0.64kg/m2 increase in BMI
## 4                               Per 1 SD change in gnetically determined  BMI
## 5                    Genetically predicted 1kg/m2 increase in body mass index
## 6                                            one unit increase in BMI (kg/m2)
## 7                                                    Per 1 SD increase in BMI
##                                                                                                                                                             notes
## 1                               The 1 SD represents 4.8kg/m2 change in BMI.  Model adjusted for age, sex, smoking,alcohol intake, towns scores and 10 genetic PCs
## 2                                                                                                                 Genetic risk score calculated from 76 variants.
## 3 BMI is used as a surrogate of adiposity. Update MR method to MR pheWAS. 1 SD increase in BMI allele score is associated with a 0.64kg/m2 increase in BMI.      
## 4                                                                                                                                 Finngen cohort, BMI as exposure
## 5                                                                                                                                BMI as a surrogate for adiposity
## 6                                                                                                                                     Metaanalysis of 27 studies.
## 7                                             Use of individual SNPs, the result represents the pooled estimates from the two cohorts using a fixed effect model.
##                                                                                                                                                title
## 1                                      Association of Body Mass Index With Cardiometabolic Disease in the UK Biobank A Mendelian Randomization Study
## 2 A data-driven approach for studying the role of body mass in multiple diseases: a phenome-wide registry-based case-control study in the UK Biobank
## 3                      Searching for the causal effects of body mass index in over 300 000 participants in UK Biobank, using Mendelian randomization
## 4                                Disease consequences of higher adiposity uncoupled from its adverse metabolic effects using Mendelian randomisation
## 5                      Bodymass index and body composition in relation to 14 cardiovascular conditions in UK Biobank: aMendelian randomization study
## 6                                                                The Role of Adiposity in Cardiometabolic Traits: A Mendelian Randomization Analysis
## 7                               Association of Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Lifestyle Behaviors With Hypertension A Mendelian Randomization Study
##                                                                                                                                                           studyaim
## 1                  To investigate the causal estimates of the association between BMI and cardiometabolic disease outcome and traits using Mendelian randomization
## 2                                                               to use phewas to investigate possible associations of high body mass index with multiple diseases.
## 3                                               To perform MR-pheWAS to search for the casual effects of BMI in UKB using PHESANT open-source phenomenon scan tool
## 4 Aimed to use MR and specific genetic variants to separately test the causal roles of higher adiposity with and without its adverse metabolic effects on diseases
## 5                                                                  To use MR design to investigate the associations of BMI with 13 CVDs and arterial hypertension.
## 6                           Aimed to determine whether adiposity is causally related to various cardiometabolic traits using the Mendelian randomization approach.
## 7          To investigate the causal associations of 18 cardiovascular risk factors and lifestyle behaviours with hypertension risk using most recent largest GWAS
##   population  sex mean_age median_age lower_age upper_age year samplesize
## 1        EUR both      0.0      56.87         0         0 2017     119859
## 2        EUR both      0.0       0.00        37        73 2019     337536
## 3        EUR both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2019     334968
## 4        EUR both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2022          0
## 5        EUR both     57.2       0.00         0         0 2020     367703
## 6        EUR both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2013     198502
## 7        EUR both      0.0       0.00         0         0 2020     553225
##                     author                                      UID.1
## 1     Donald M loyal et al     Donald M loyal et al_28678979_2017_R42
## 2           Elina Hypponen           Elina Hypponen_33323262_2019_R87
## 3       Louise A.C.Millard       Louise A.C.Millard_30707692_2019_R59
## 4       Susan Martin et al       Susan Martin et al_35074047_2022_R69
## 5 Susanna C. Larsson et al Susanna C. Larsson et al_31195408_2020_R63
## 6          Tove Fall et al           Tove Fall et al_23824655_2013_R1
## 7    Van Oort Sabine et al    Van Oort Sabine et al_33131310_2020_R47
##                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           annotation
## 1                       Self reporting use of antihypertensive medication and having received doctor diagnosis,Adult,Hypertension,weight divided by height in square metres,Main,Per 1 SD change in BMI (4.8kg/m2),The 1 SD represents 4.8kg/m2 change in BMI.  Model adjusted for age, sex, smoking,alcohol intake, towns scores and 10 genetic PCs
## 2                                                                                                                                                                                            ,Adult,Hypertension,weight divided by height in square metres,Main,OR per one SD or 4.1kg/m2 higher BMI,Genetic risk score calculated from 76 variants.
## 3 hypertension as defined in UKBiobank,Adult,Hypertension,weight divided by height in square metres,Main,1 SD increase in BMI allele score proportional to 0.64kg/m2 increase in BMI,BMI is used as a surrogate of adiposity. Update MR method to MR pheWAS. 1 SD increase in BMI allele score is associated with a 0.64kg/m2 increase in BMI.      
## 4                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                ,Adult,Hypertension,weight divided by height in square metres,Main,,Finngen cohort, BMI as exposure
## 5                                                                                                                                arterial hypertension aș assessed in UKBiobank,Adult,Arterial hypertension,weight divided by height in square metres,Main,Genetically predicted 1kg/m2 increase in body mass index,BMI as a surrogate for adiposity
## 6                                                                                                                                    Self reported, biochemical measurement, health registry and medical records,Adult,Ever hypertension,weight divided by height in square metres,Main,one unit increase in BMI (kg/m2),Metaanalysis of 27 studies.
## 7                                                                                 ICD 10 from discharge registries,Adult,Essential(primary) hypertension,weight divided by height in square metres,Main,Per 1 SD increase in BMI,Use of individual SNPs, the result represents the pooled estimates from the two cohorts using a fixed effect model.
##                                       ID     logor          SE
## 1     Donald M loyal et al_28678979_2017 0.4946962 -0.05415249
## 2           Elina Hypponen_33323262_2019 0.4382549 -0.06390502
## 3       Louise A.C.Millard_30707692_2019 0.4536201 -0.02048453
## 4       Susan Martin et al_35074047_2022 0.7793249 -0.09770390
## 5 Susanna C. Larsson et al_31195408_2020 0.3900130 -0.04188004
## 6          Tove Fall et al_23824655_2013 0.4643627 -0.08868519
## 7    Van Oort Sabine et al_33131310_2020 0.3506569 -0.01970224
#knitr::kable(grid.table(P1[,c(48,6,17,33,34)]), format = "html")

Beta

Systolic blood pressure

NB:Beta coefficient is the degree of change of an outcome variable for every 1 unit change in the predictor/exposure variable. T-test assesses whether beta is signifcantly different from zero. Beta coefficient is positive, interpretation is that for every 1-unit increase in the predictor variable, the outcome will decrease by the beta coefficient value. Beta coefficient is negative, intrepretation is that for every 1-unit increase in the predictor variable, the outcome will increase by the beta coefficient value.

Nicholas et al adjsusted for antihypertensive use by adding 10 mmHg to SBP Tove fall et al, adjsuted for hypertensive medication.

Nicholas et al reported the effect estimates as change in blood pressure in mmHg per 10% increase in BMI. Transform the scale form 10% to per 1 unit increase in BMI(Kg/m2). i) Divide the estimates with 10 and multiply by 2.5(10% ofnormla BMI 25kg/m2)

p2 <-
dat1 %>% 
  #group_by(pmid) %>% 
  filter(effectsizetype_id=="ID4" &OUTCOMEID=="O2" & AnalysisType=="Main" &exposurenotes=="Adult" &EXPOSURE == "BMI") %>% 
  ggplot(aes(y=reorder(ID,-year),x=effectsize_per1SD,xmin=LI_per1SD,xmax=UI_per1SD)) +
   geom_segment(aes(yend=ID,xend=effectsize_per1SD))+
  geom_point(aes(color=no_ofIVs)) +
  geom_errorbarh(height=.2) +
  labs(title='Forest plot based on beta estimates', x='Systolic blood pressure change in mmHg per one unit increase in BMI (Kg/m2)', y = 'Author_PMID_Year') +
  geom_vline(xintercept=0, color='black', linetype='dashed', alpha=.5) +
  #facet_grid(outcomename ~ exposurename)+
  theme_classic()
ggplotly(p2)
#write out the dataframe in a table
P2<- dat1 %>% 
  #group_by(pmid) %>% 
  filter(effectsizetype_id=="ID4" &OUTCOMEID=="O2" & AnalysisType=="Main" &exposurenotes=="Adult" &EXPOSURE == "BMI")
#grid.table(P2[,c(44,15,28,2)])#c(24,30,32,33)])
#grid.arrange(tableGrob(p2,theme = tt3))

text_wrap <- function(label, ...){
  labwrap <- stringr::str_wrap(label, 40)
  gridExtra:::text_grob(label=labwrap, ...)
}
tt <- ttheme_default(core=list(fg_fun = text_wrap))

grid.table(P2[,c(51,38)],theme =tt)

#knitr::kable(P2, format = "html")

This plot shows results of effects of genetically predicted adulthood BMI on systolic blood pressure. The beta coefficients are scaled to per 1 unit increase in BMI(kg/m2). There is clear evidence that for every one unit increase in genetically predicted BMI (Kg/m2) is associated with an increase in systolic blood pressure.

Diastolic blood pressure

For every 1 unit increase in genetic predisposition to BMI , diastolic blood pressure increases by this beta coefficient value.

R135, IVs are associated with body fat percentage , with lower interval crossing the null. Alice Giontella et al, results are reported from two cohorts (MPP and MDC Swedish cohorts)

Nicholas et al adjsusted for antihypertensive use by adding 5 mmHg to DBP

p3 <-
  mydata %>% 
  #group_by(pmid) %>% 
  filter(effectsizetype_id=="ID4" &outcomeid.x=="O3" & analysistype=="Main" &exposurenotes=="Adult" & exposuremeasured == "weight divided by height in square metres") %>% 
  ggplot(aes(y=reorder(UID,-year),x=effectsize,xmin=lowerinterval,xmax=upperinterval)) +
  geom_point(aes(color=no_ofIVs)) +
  geom_errorbarh(height=.2) +
  labs(title='Forest plot based on beta estimates', x='Diastolic blood pressure change in mmHg', y = 'Author_PMID_Year_resultsID') +
  geom_vline(xintercept=0, color='black', linetype='dashed', alpha=.5) +
  #facet_grid(outcomename ~ exposurename)+selec
  theme_classic()
ggplotly(p3)
P3 <-
  mydata %>% 
  filter(effectsizetype_id=="ID4" &outcomeid.x=="O3" & analysistype=="Main" &exposurenotes=="Adult")
grid.table(P3[,c(44,15,28,2)])

knitr::kable(P3, format = "html")
pmid.y results_id methodid effectsizetype_id pmid.x effectsize lowerinterval upperinterval pvalue exposureid.x outcomeid.x se strata effectsizetype methodname Exposureid_resultsid exposureid.y exposurename exposuremeasured exposurenotes outcomeid_resultsid outcomeid.y outcomename outcomemeasured totalsamplesize_outcome X.cases_outcome control_outcome outcomenotes notesid no_ofIVs analysistype unitsofmeasurement notes title studyaim population sex mean_age median_age lower_age upper_age year samplesize author UID annotation
23824655 R3 M5 ID4 23824655 0.490 0.18700 0.79300 2.0e-03 E1 O3 0.0 BETA IVestimator E1_R3 E1 BMI weight divided by height in square metres Adult 03_R3 O3 DBP Self reporting, biochemical measurement, health registry and medical records 130380 0 0 diastolic blood pressure in mm Hg N3 1 Main one unit increase in BMI (kg/m2) Metaanalysis of 29 studies The Role of Adiposity in Cardiometabolic Traits: A Mendelian Randomization Analysis Aimed to determine whether adiposity is causally related to various cardiometabolic traits using the Mendelian randomization approach. EUR both 0 0 0 0 2013 198502 Tove Fall et al Tove Fall et al_23824655_2013_R3 Self reporting, biochemical measurement, health registry and medical records,Adult,diastolic blood pressure in mm Hg,weight divided by height in square metres,Main,one unit increase in BMI (kg/m2),Metaanalysis of 29 studies
25712996 R77 M5 ID4 25712996 0.150 0.03000 0.26000 1.0e-02 E1 O3 0.0 Nonstratified based on genetic score BETA IVestimator E1_R77 E1 BMI weight divided by height in square metres Adult O3_R77 O3 DBP 0 0 0 Diastolic blood pressure N77 32 Main Effect per SD change of BMI on trait(SD) non weighted genetic risk score. nonstratified. 10mm Hg added to diastolic blood pressure where medication use was reported. Age- and Sex-Specific Causal Effects of Adiposity on Cardiovascular Risk Factors To use MR design to assess whether adiposity causally affects known CVD risk factors at a similar magnitude in men and women and before and after 55 years. EUR both 0 0 0 0 2015 67553 Tove Fall et al Tove Fall et al_25712996_2015_R77 ,Adult,Diastolic blood pressure,weight divided by height in square metres,Main,Effect per SD change of BMI on trait(SD),non weighted genetic risk score. nonstratified. 10mm Hg added to diastolic blood pressure where medication use was reported.
31708716 R41 M10 ID4 31708716 0.087 0.05564 0.11836 0.0e+00 E1 O3 0.016 BETA TSLS E1_R41 E1 BMI weight divided by height I square metres Adult O3_R41 O3 DBP 105276 0 0 Diastolic blood pressure N41 96 Main percentage change in DBP due to a 1% change in BMI log transformed the DBP and BMI due to skewness, 2SLS with zero invalid instruments On the Use of the Lasso for Instrumental Variables Estimation with Some Invalid Instruments Applied example of lasso method (causal effect estimate in presence of invalid ivs) in assessing effect of BMI on DBP EUR both 0 0 0 0 2018 105276 Frank Windmeijer et al Frank Windmeijer et al_31708716_2018_R41 ,Adult,Diastolic blood pressure,weight divided by height I square metres,Main,percentage change in DBP due to a 1% change in BMI,log transformed the DBP and BMI due to skewness, 2SLS with zero invalid instruments
34120448 R138 M10 ID4 34120448 0.676 0.43100 0.92100 1.0e-07 E2 O3 0.0 BETA TSLS E2_R138 E2 WHR waist and hip circumference ratio Adult O3_R138 O3 DBP 29247 0 0 Diastolic blood pressure N138 324 Main Per 1 SD DBP measured in MDC cohort at baseline. GRS;UKB and GIANT Causal Effect of Adiposity Measures on Blood Pressure Traits in 2 Urban Swedish Cohorts: A Mendelian Randomization Study To investigate the effect of modifying adiposity traits on blood pressure EUR both 0 0 0 0 2021 38662 Alice Giontella Alice Giontella_34120448_2021_R138 ,Adult,Diastolic blood pressure,waist and hip circumference ratio,Main,Per 1 SD,DBP measured in MDC cohort at baseline. GRS;UKB and GIANT
34120448 R133 M10 ID4 34120448 0.257 0.15700 0.35700 3.0e-07 E1 O3 0.0 BETA TSLS E1_R133 E1 BMI weight divided by height in square metres Adult O3_R133 O3 DBP 9140 0 0 Diastolic blood pressure N133 565 Main Per 1 SD Diastolic blood pressure in MPP cohort, baseline measures, GRS;UKB and GIANT Causal Effect of Adiposity Measures on Blood Pressure Traits in 2 Urban Swedish Cohorts: A Mendelian Randomization Study To investigate the effect of modifying adiposity traits on blood pressure EUR both 0 0 0 0 2021 38662 Alice Giontella Alice Giontella_34120448_2021_R133 ,Adult,Diastolic blood pressure,weight divided by height in square metres,Main,Per 1 SD ,Diastolic blood pressure in MPP cohort, baseline measures, GRS;UKB and GIANT
34120448 R134 M10 ID4 34120448 0.367 0.20200 0.53200 1.4e-05 E2 O3 0.0 BETA TSLS E2_R134 E2 WHR waist and hip circumference ratio Adult O3_R134 O3 DBP 9140 0 0 Diastolic blood pressure N134 324 Main Per 1 SD DBP in MPP cohort baseline measurement, GRS;UKB and GIANT. Causal Effect of Adiposity Measures on Blood Pressure Traits in 2 Urban Swedish Cohorts: A Mendelian Randomization Study To investigate the effect of modifying adiposity traits on blood pressure EUR both 0 0 0 0 2021 38662 Alice Giontella Alice Giontella_34120448_2021_R134 ,Adult,Diastolic blood pressure,waist and hip circumference ratio,Main,Per 1 SD,DBP in MPP cohort baseline measurement, GRS;UKB and GIANT.
34120448 R135 M10 ID4 34120448 0.269 -0.01700 0.57600 8.7e-02 E1 O3 0.0 BETA TSLS E1_R135 E1 BMI bioelectric impedance analyser Adult O3_R135 O3 DBP 9140 0 0 Diastolic blood pressure N135 81 Main Per 1 SD DBP in MPP cohort at baseline, Body fat GRS on BMI, GRS;UKB Causal Effect of Adiposity Measures on Blood Pressure Traits in 2 Urban Swedish Cohorts: A Mendelian Randomization Study To investigate the effect of modifying adiposity traits on blood pressure EUR both 0 0 0 0 2021 38662 Alice Giontella Alice Giontella_34120448_2021_R135 ,Adult,Diastolic blood pressure,bioelectric impedance analyser ,Main,Per 1 SD,DBP in MPP cohort at baseline, Body fat GRS on BMI, GRS;UKB
34120448 R136 M10 ID4 34120448 0.296 0.14900 0.44300 8.3e-05 E1 O3 0.0 BETA TSLS E1_R136 E1 BMI MRI scan for VAT in UKBiobank for original GWAS Adult O3_R136 O3 DBP 9140 0 0 Diastolic blood pressure N136 208 Main Per 1 SD DBP measured in MPP cohort at baseline, GRS;UKB,VATgrs on BMI Causal Effect of Adiposity Measures on Blood Pressure Traits in 2 Urban Swedish Cohorts: A Mendelian Randomization Study To investigate the effect of modifying adiposity traits on blood pressure EUR both 0 0 0 0 2021 38662 Alice Giontella Alice Giontella_34120448_2021_R136 ,Adult,Diastolic blood pressure,MRI scan for VAT in UKBiobank for original GWAS ,Main,Per 1 SD ,DBP measured in MPP cohort at baseline, GRS;UKB,VATgrs on BMI
34120448 R137 M10 ID4 34120448 0.248 0.18800 0.30800 0.0e+00 E1 O3 0.0 BETA TSLS E1_R137 E1 BMI weight divided by height in square metres Adult O3_R137 O3 DBP 29247 0 0 Diastolic blood pressure N137 565 Main Per 1 SD DBP measured in MDC cohort, GRS;UKB Causal Effect of Adiposity Measures on Blood Pressure Traits in 2 Urban Swedish Cohorts: A Mendelian Randomization Study To investigate the effect of modifying adiposity traits on blood pressure EUR both 0 0 0 0 2021 38662 Alice Giontella Alice Giontella_34120448_2021_R137 ,Adult,Diastolic blood pressure,weight divided by height in square metres,Main,Per 1 SD ,DBP measured in MDC cohort, GRS;UKB
34120448 R139 M10 ID4 34120448 0.267 0.08900 0.44500 3.0e-03 E1 O3 0.0 BETA TSLS E1_R139 E1 BMI Bioelectric impedance Adult O3_R139 O3 DBP 29247 0 0 Diastolic blood pressure N139 81 Main Per 1 SD DBP measured in MDC cohort at baseline, GRS;UKB. BF GRS on BMI Causal Effect of Adiposity Measures on Blood Pressure Traits in 2 Urban Swedish Cohorts: A Mendelian Randomization Study To investigate the effect of modifying adiposity traits on blood pressure EUR both 0 0 0 0 2021 38662 Alice Giontella Alice Giontella_34120448_2021_R139 ,Adult,Diastolic blood pressure,Bioelectric impedance,Main,Per 1 SD,DBP measured in MDC cohort at baseline, GRS;UKB. BF GRS on BMI
34120448 R140 M10 ID4 34120448 0.284 0.20000 0.36800 0.0e+00 E1 O3 0.0 BETA TSLS E1_140 E1 BMI MR scan of VAT in UKB Adult O3_R140 O3 DBP 29247 0 0 Diastolic blood pressure N140 208 Main Per 1 SD DBP measured in MDC at baseline, GRS;UKB, VAT GRS on BMI Causal Effect of Adiposity Measures on Blood Pressure Traits in 2 Urban Swedish Cohorts: A Mendelian Randomization Study To investigate the effect of modifying adiposity traits on blood pressure EUR both 0 0 0 0 2021 38662 Alice Giontella Alice Giontella_34120448_2021_R140 ,Adult,Diastolic blood pressure,MR scan of VAT in UKB,Main,Per 1 SD,DBP measured in MDC at baseline, GRS;UKB, VAT GRS on BMI

Mean Difference

Results reported in terms of mean difference, denoted as ID2 under effectsizetype_id They encompass diastolic and systolic blood pressure as the outcome.

Systolic blood pressure

There is no systolic blood pressure investigated and estimated where the BMI was measured in Adults being reported in terms of mean difference

# p4 <-
#   mydata %>% 
#   #group_by(pmid) %>% 
#   filter(effectsizetype_id=="ID2" &outcomeid.x=="O2" & analysistype=="Main" &exposurenotes=="Adult") %>% 
#   ggplot(aes(y=UID,x=effectsize,xmin=lowerinterval,xmax=upperinterval)) +
#   geom_point(aes(color=outcomenotes)) +
#   geom_errorbarh(height=.2) +
#   labs(title='Forest plot based on mean difference', x='Systolic blood pressure change in mmHg', y = 'Author_PMID_Year_resultsID') +
#   geom_vline(xintercept=0, color='black', linetype='dashed', alpha=.5) +
#   #facet_grid(outcomename ~ exposurename)+
#   theme_classic()
# ggplotly(p4)

Diastolic blood pressure

One study by Michael V Holmes et al reported results of causality between bmi and diastolic blood pressure(denoted by O3). Where the 14 instruments were aggregated to generated a genetic risk score.

p5 <-
  mydata %>% 
  #group_by(pmid) %>% 
  filter(effectsizetype_id=="ID2" &outcomeid.x=="O3" & analysistype=="Main" &exposurenotes=="Adult") %>% 
  ggplot(aes(y=reorder(UID,-year),x=effectsize,xmin=lowerinterval,xmax=upperinterval)) +
  geom_point(aes(color=no_ofIVs)) +
  geom_errorbarh(height=.2) +
  labs(title='Forest plot based on mean difference', x='Diastolic blood pressure change in mmHg', y = 'Author_PMID_Year_resultsID') +
  geom_vline(xintercept=0, color='black', linetype='dashed', alpha=.5) +
  #facet_grid(outcomename ~ exposurename)+
  theme_classic()
ggplotly(p5)
P5 <-mydata %>% 
  filter(effectsizetype_id=="ID2" &outcomeid.x=="O3" & analysistype=="Main" &exposurenotes=="Adult")
grid.table(P5[,c(44,15,28,2)])

knitr::kable(P5, format = "html")
pmid.y results_id methodid effectsizetype_id pmid.x effectsize lowerinterval upperinterval pvalue exposureid.x outcomeid.x se strata effectsizetype methodname Exposureid_resultsid exposureid.y exposurename exposuremeasured exposurenotes outcomeid_resultsid outcomeid.y outcomename outcomemeasured totalsamplesize_outcome X.cases_outcome control_outcome outcomenotes notesid no_ofIVs analysistype unitsofmeasurement notes title studyaim population sex mean_age median_age lower_age upper_age year samplesize author UID annotation
24462370 R93 M5 ID2 24462370 0.28 0.03 0.52 0 E1 O3 0.0 MD IVestimator E1_R93 E1 BMI weight divided by height in square metres Adult O3_R93 O3 DBP 30137 0 0 Diastolic blood pressure N93 14 Main estimates are per 1kg/m2 increase in BMI genetic allele risk score of 14 SNPs. A kg//m2 increase in BMI increase DBP by 0.28 mmHg. 6 studies Causal Effects of Body Mass Index on Cardiometabolic Traits and Events: A Mendelian Randomization Analysis To investigate the role of BMI in cardiometabolic traits and vents through IV analysis using MR approach. EUR both 60 0 17 100 2014 34538 Michael V Holmes Michael V Holmes_24462370_2014_R93 ,Adult,Diastolic blood pressure,weight divided by height in square metres,Main,estimates are per 1kg/m2 increase in BMI,genetic allele risk score of 14 SNPs. A kg//m2 increase in BMI increase DBP by 0.28 mmHg. 6 studies

Risk difference

This includes hypertension and diastolic blood pressure as outcome

Diastolic blood pressure

A single study reporting risk difference of diastolic blood pressure

p6 <-
  mydata %>% 
  #group_by(pmid) %>% 
  filter(effectsizetype_id=="ID5" &outcomeid.x=="O3" & analysistype=="Main" &exposurenotes=="Adult") %>% 
  ggplot(aes(y=UID,x=effectsize,xmin=lowerinterval,xmax=upperinterval)) +
  geom_point(aes(color=no_ofIVs)) +
  geom_errorbarh(height=.2) +
  labs(title='Forest plot based on risk difference', x='Diastolic blood pressure change in mmHg', y = 'Author_PMID_Year_resultsID') +
  geom_vline(xintercept=0, color='black', linetype='dashed', alpha=.5) +
  #facet_grid(outcomename ~ exposurename)+
  theme_classic()
ggplotly(p6)
P6 <-mydata %>% 
  filter(effectsizetype_id=="ID5" &outcomeid.x=="O3" & analysistype=="Main" &exposurenotes=="Adult")
grid.table(P6[,c(44,15,28,2)])

knitr::kable(P6, format = "html")
pmid.y results_id methodid effectsizetype_id pmid.x effectsize lowerinterval upperinterval pvalue exposureid.x outcomeid.x se strata effectsizetype methodname Exposureid_resultsid exposureid.y exposurename exposuremeasured exposurenotes outcomeid_resultsid outcomeid.y outcomename outcomemeasured totalsamplesize_outcome X.cases_outcome control_outcome outcomenotes notesid no_ofIVs analysistype unitsofmeasurement notes title studyaim population sex mean_age median_age lower_age upper_age year samplesize author UID annotation
35232963 R12 M10 ID5 35232963 0.145 0.116 0.173 0 E1 O3 0.0 RiskDifference TSLS E1_R12 E1 BMI weight divided by height in square metres. Height measure to the nearest centimetre using a Seca 202 device and weight to the nearest 0.1 kg using Tanita BC418MA body composition analyzer. Adult O3_R12 O3 DBP An automated reading form an Moron blood pressure monitor 0 0 0 Diastolic blood pressure N12 93 Main The instruments were summarised into a weighted polygenic risk score similar to what is Lyalls paper. The weights derived form the effect estimated reported by GIANT (beta per 1-SD unit of BMI) Robust Mendelian randomization in the presence of residual population stratification, batch effects and horizontal pleiotropy To describe a suite of sensitivity analysis tools that enables investigators to quantify the robustness of their findings against such validity threats. EUR both 0 0 0 0 2022 291274 Carlos Cinelli et al Carlos Cinelli et al_35232963_2022_R12 An automated reading form an Moron blood pressure monitor,Adult,Diastolic blood pressure,weight divided by height in square metres. Height measure to the nearest centimetre using a Seca 202 device and weight to the nearest 0.1 kg using Tanita BC418MA body composition analyzer.,Main,,The instruments were summarised into a weighted polygenic risk score similar to what is Lyalls paper. The weights derived form the effect estimated reported by GIANT (beta per 1-SD unit of BMI)

Hypertension

p7 <-
  mydata %>% 
  #group_by(pmid) %>% 
  filter(effectsizetype_id=="ID5" &outcomeid.x=="O1" & analysistype=="Main" &exposurenotes=="Adult") %>% 
  ggplot(aes(y=UID,x=effectsize,xmin=lowerinterval,xmax=upperinterval)) +
  geom_point(aes(color=no_ofIVs)) +
  geom_errorbarh(height=.2) +
  labs(title='Forest plot based on risk difference', x='Risk difference for hypertension', y = 'Author_PMID_Year_resultsID') +
  geom_vline(xintercept=0, color='black', linetype='dashed', alpha=.5) +
  #facet_grid(outcomename ~ exposurename)+
  theme_classic()
ggplotly(p7)
P7 <-mydata %>% 
  filter(effectsizetype_id=="ID5" &outcomeid.x=="O1" & analysistype=="Main" &exposurenotes=="Adult")
grid.table(P7[,c(44,15,28,2)])

colnames(P7)
##  [1] "pmid.y"                  "results_id"             
##  [3] "methodid"                "effectsizetype_id"      
##  [5] "pmid.x"                  "effectsize"             
##  [7] "lowerinterval"           "upperinterval"          
##  [9] "pvalue"                  "exposureid.x"           
## [11] "outcomeid.x"             "se"                     
## [13] "strata"                  "effectsizetype"         
## [15] "methodname"              "Exposureid_resultsid"   
## [17] "exposureid.y"            "exposurename"           
## [19] "exposuremeasured"        "exposurenotes"          
## [21] "outcomeid_resultsid"     "outcomeid.y"            
## [23] "outcomename"             "outcomemeasured"        
## [25] "totalsamplesize_outcome" "X.cases_outcome"        
## [27] "control_outcome"         "outcomenotes"           
## [29] "notesid"                 "no_ofIVs"               
## [31] "analysistype"            "unitsofmeasurement"     
## [33] "notes"                   "title"                  
## [35] "studyaim"                "population"             
## [37] "sex"                     "mean_age"               
## [39] "median_age"              "lower_age"              
## [41] "upper_age"               "year"                   
## [43] "samplesize"              "author"                 
## [45] "UID"                     "annotation"
knitr::kable(P7, format = "html")
pmid.y results_id methodid effectsizetype_id pmid.x effectsize lowerinterval upperinterval pvalue exposureid.x outcomeid.x se strata effectsizetype methodname Exposureid_resultsid exposureid.y exposurename exposuremeasured exposurenotes outcomeid_resultsid outcomeid.y outcomename outcomemeasured totalsamplesize_outcome X.cases_outcome control_outcome outcomenotes notesid no_ofIVs analysistype unitsofmeasurement notes title studyaim population sex mean_age median_age lower_age upper_age year samplesize author UID annotation
32665587 R14 M10 ID5 32665587 1.84 1.20 2.47 0 E1 O1 0.0 RiskDifference TSLS E1_R14 E1 BMI weight divided by height in square metres Adult O1_R14 O1 hypertension self reported high blood pressure defined as either currently taking medication or SBP /DBP greater than 140/90 mm Hg respectively 61008 0 0 High blood pressure N14 79 Main Each unit increase in BMI increased the risk of having high blood pressure by average across HUNT and UKBiobank, individual participant data and among siblings Avoiding dynastic, assortative mating, and population stratification biases in Mendelian randomization through within-family analyses To describe methods for within-family Mendelian randomization analyses and use simulation studies to show that family -based analyses can reduce such biases. EUR both 0 0 0 0 2020 283376 Ben Brompton et al Ben Brompton et al_32665587_2020_R14 self reported high blood pressure defined as either currently taking medication or SBP /DBP greater than 140/90 mm Hg respectively,Adult,High blood pressure,weight divided by height in square metres,Main,Each unit increase in BMI increased the risk of having high blood pressure by ,average across HUNT and UKBiobank, individual participant data and among siblings
32665587 R13 M10 ID5 32665587 1.59 1.34 1.83 0 E1 O1 0.0 RiskDifference TSLS E1_R13 E1 BMI weight divided by height in square metres Adult O1_R13 O1 hypertension Self reported high blood pressure defined as either currently taking anti-hypertensive medication ad having systolic or diastolic blood pressure above 140mm Hg or 90 mm Hg respectively. 354836 0 0 High blood pressure N13 79 Main Each unit increase BMI increased the risk of having high blood pressure by 1.59 percentage points This entails an average estimate across HUNT and UK Biobank study. This analysis entails Individual participant data among the unrelated, using the weighted polygenic risk scores. Avoiding dynastic, assortative mating, and population stratification biases in Mendelian randomization through within-family analyses To describe methods for within-family Mendelian randomization analyses and use simulation studies to show that family -based analyses can reduce such biases. EUR both 0 0 0 0 2020 283376 Ben Brompton et al Ben Brompton et al_32665587_2020_R13 Self reported high blood pressure defined as either currently taking anti-hypertensive medication ad having systolic or diastolic blood pressure above 140mm Hg or 90 mm Hg respectively.,Adult,High blood pressure,weight divided by height in square metres,Main,Each unit increase BMI increased the risk of having high blood pressure by 1.59 percentage points,This entails an average estimate across HUNT and UK Biobank study. This analysis entails Individual participant data among the unrelated, using the weighted polygenic risk scores.

Sensitivity analysis

Odds ratio

Hypertension

Assess the directionality and consistency of results from the various sensitivity methods using BMI or other measures of adiposity as proxy for BMI.

From the figure below there is evidence that genetic predisposition to higher BMI is associated with increased risk for hypertension across the four methods.

With the exception of MR-Egger, where two studies show the confidence intervals crossing the null. This is expected since MR-Egger is known to be less robust.

p8 <-
  mydata %>% 
  #group_by(pmid) %>% 
  filter(effectsizetype_id=="ID1" &outcomeid.x=="O1" & analysistype=="sensitivity" &exposurenotes=="Adult" &outcomenotes!="Gestational hypertension" &methodname!="IVW") %>% 
  ggplot(aes(y=reorder(UID,-year),x=effectsize,xmin=lowerinterval,xmax=upperinterval)) +
  geom_point(aes(color=no_ofIVs,shape=methodname)) +
  geom_errorbarh(height=.2) +
  labs(title='Forest plot based on odds ratio', x='Odds ratio (95% CI)', y = 'Author_PMID_Year_resultsID') +
  geom_vline(xintercept=1, color='black', linetype='dashed', alpha=.5) +
  facet_grid( exposurename~ methodname)+
  theme_classic()
ggplotly(p8)
#write down results table to accompany the plot
P8 <- mydata %>% 
  filter(effectsizetype_id=="ID1" &outcomeid.x=="O1" & analysistype=="sensitivity" &exposurenotes=="Adult" &outcomenotes!="Gestational hypertension" &methodname!="IVW")
grid.table(P8[,c(44,15,30,2)])

knitr::kable(P8, format = "html")
pmid.y results_id methodid effectsizetype_id pmid.x effectsize lowerinterval upperinterval pvalue exposureid.x outcomeid.x se strata effectsizetype methodname Exposureid_resultsid exposureid.y exposurename exposuremeasured exposurenotes outcomeid_resultsid outcomeid.y outcomename outcomemeasured totalsamplesize_outcome X.cases_outcome control_outcome outcomenotes notesid no_ofIVs analysistype unitsofmeasurement notes title studyaim population sex mean_age median_age lower_age upper_age year samplesize author UID annotation
31195408 R64 M2 ID1 31195408 1.11 1.09 1.13 0.00e+00 E1 O1 0.0 OR Wetmedian E1_R64 E1 BMI weight divided by height in square metres Adult O1_R64 O1 hypertension ICD 9 and 10, self reporting(doctors diagnosis 367703 119500 248203 Arterial hypertension N64 96 sensitivity Genetically predicted 1kg/m2 increase in body mass index BMI as a surrogate for adiposity Bodymass index and body composition in relation to 14 cardiovascular conditions in UK Biobank: aMendelian randomization study To use MR design to investigate the associations of BMI with 13 CVDs and arterial hypertension. EUR both 57.2 0 0 0 2020 367703 Susanna C. Larsson et al Susanna C. Larsson et al_31195408_2020_R64 ICD 9 and 10, self reporting(doctors diagnosis,Adult,Arterial hypertension,weight divided by height in square metres,sensitivity,Genetically predicted 1kg/m2 increase in body mass index,BMI as a surrogate for adiposity
31195408 R65 M4 ID1 31195408 1.06 1.01 1.12 2.00e-02 E1 O1 0.0 OR MREgger E1_R65 E1 BMI weight divided by height in square metres Adult O1_R65 O1 hypertension ICD 9 and 10, self diagnosis(doctor diagnosis) 367703 119500 248203 Arterial hypertension N65 96 sensitivity Genetically predicted 1kg/m2 increase in body mass index BMI as a surrogate for adiposity Bodymass index and body composition in relation to 14 cardiovascular conditions in UK Biobank: aMendelian randomization study To use MR design to investigate the associations of BMI with 13 CVDs and arterial hypertension. EUR both 57.2 0 0 0 2020 367703 Susanna C. Larsson et al Susanna C. Larsson et al_31195408_2020_R65 ICD 9 and 10, self diagnosis(doctor diagnosis),Adult,Arterial hypertension,weight divided by height in square metres,sensitivity,Genetically predicted 1kg/m2 increase in body mass index,BMI as a surrogate for adiposity
31195408 R66 M11 ID1 31195408 1.10 1.08 1.12 0.00e+00 E1 O1 0.0 OR MR-PRESSO E1_R66 E1 BMI weight divided by height in square metres Adult O1_R66 O1 hypertension ICD 9 and 10, self diagnosis(doctor diagnosis) 367703 119500 248203 Arterial hypertension N66 96 sensitivity Genetically predicted 1kg/m2 increase in body mass index BMI as a surrogate for adiposity. 11 outlier identified using MR-PRESSO Bodymass index and body composition in relation to 14 cardiovascular conditions in UK Biobank: aMendelian randomization study To use MR design to investigate the associations of BMI with 13 CVDs and arterial hypertension. EUR both 57.2 0 0 0 2020 367703 Susanna C. Larsson et al Susanna C. Larsson et al_31195408_2020_R66 ICD 9 and 10, self diagnosis(doctor diagnosis),Adult,Arterial hypertension,weight divided by height in square metres,sensitivity,Genetically predicted 1kg/m2 increase in body mass index,BMI as a surrogate for adiposity. 11 outlier identified using MR-PRESSO
33131310 R51 M11 ID1 33131310 1.46 1.36 1.57 0.00e+00 E1 O1 0.0 FinnGen study-MR-PRESSO OR MR-PRESSO E1_R51 E1 BMI weight divided by height in square metres Adult O1_R51 O1 hypertension I10 diagnosis in discharge registries 90215 15870 74345 Essential(primary)hypertension N51 810 sensitivity per 1 SD increase in BMI Individual SNPs and results of FinnGen study using MR PRESSO Association of Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Lifestyle Behaviors With Hypertension A Mendelian Randomization Study To investigate the causal associations of 18 cardiovascular risk factors and lifestyle behaviours with hypertension risk using most recent largest GWAS EUR both 0.0 0 0 0 2020 553225 Van Oort Sabine et al Van Oort Sabine et al_33131310_2020_R51 I10 diagnosis in discharge registries,Adult,Essential(primary)hypertension,weight divided by height in square metres,sensitivity,per 1 SD increase in BMI,Individual SNPs and results of FinnGen study using MR PRESSO
33131310 R54 M4 ID1 33131310 1.07 0.99 1.14 7.70e-02 E1 O1 0.0 UKB study using MR-Egger OR MREgger E1_R54 E1 BMI weight divided by height in square metres Adult O1_R54 O1 hypertension I10 diagnosis of essential hypertension 463010 54358 408652 Essential(primary)hypertension N54 832 sensitivity per 1 SD increase in BMI Individual SNPs and UKB study using MR-Egger-evidence for potential pleiotropy Association of Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Lifestyle Behaviors With Hypertension A Mendelian Randomization Study To investigate the causal associations of 18 cardiovascular risk factors and lifestyle behaviours with hypertension risk using most recent largest GWAS EUR both 0.0 0 0 0 2020 553225 Van Oort Sabine et al Van Oort Sabine et al_33131310_2020_R54 I10 diagnosis of essential hypertension,Adult,Essential(primary)hypertension,weight divided by height in square metres,sensitivity,per 1 SD increase in BMI,Individual SNPs and UKB study using MR-Egger-evidence for potential pleiotropy
33131310 R55 M11 ID1 33131310 1.49 1.43 1.55 0.00e+00 E1 O1 0.0 UKB study -MR-PRESSO OR MR-PRESSO E1_R55 E1 BMI weight divided by height in square metres Adult O1_R55 O1 hypertension I10 diagnosis of essential hypertension 463010 54358 408652 Essential(primary)hypertension N55 816 sensitivity per 1 SD increase in BMI Individual SNPs and UKB study using MR-PRESSO Association of Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Lifestyle Behaviors With Hypertension A Mendelian Randomization Study To investigate the causal associations of 18 cardiovascular risk factors and lifestyle behaviours with hypertension risk using most recent largest GWAS EUR both 0.0 0 0 0 2020 553225 Van Oort Sabine et al Van Oort Sabine et al_33131310_2020_R55 I10 diagnosis of essential hypertension,Adult,Essential(primary)hypertension,weight divided by height in square metres,sensitivity,per 1 SD increase in BMI,Individual SNPs and UKB study using MR-PRESSO
33131310 R49 M2 ID1 33131310 1.34 1.19 1.52 2.90e-06 E1 O1 0.0 FinnGen study -wt median OR Wetmedian E1_R49 E1 BMI weight divided by height in square metres Adult O1_R49 O1 hypertension I10 diagnosis , discharge registries 90215 15870 74345 Essential(primary) hypertension N49 812 sensitivity per 1 SD increase in BMI Individual SNPs used and results of FinnGen study using weighted median method Association of Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Lifestyle Behaviors With Hypertension A Mendelian Randomization Study To investigate the causal associations of 18 cardiovascular risk factors and lifestyle behaviours with hypertension risk using most recent largest GWAS EUR both 0.0 0 0 0 2020 553225 Van Oort Sabine et al Van Oort Sabine et al_33131310_2020_R49 I10 diagnosis , discharge registries,Adult,Essential(primary) hypertension,weight divided by height in square metres,sensitivity,per 1 SD increase in BMI,Individual SNPs used and results of FinnGen study using weighted median method
33131310 R50 M4 ID1 33131310 1.04 0.91 1.19 5.48e-01 E1 O1 0.0 FinnGen study- MR Egger method OR MREgger E1_R50 E1 BMI weight divided by height in square metres Adult O1_R50 O1 hypertension I10 diagnosis in discharge registries 90215 15870 74345 Essential(primary) hypertension N50 812 sensitivity per 1 SD increase in BMI Individual SNPs and results of FinnGen study using MR-Egger Association of Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Lifestyle Behaviors With Hypertension A Mendelian Randomization Study To investigate the causal associations of 18 cardiovascular risk factors and lifestyle behaviours with hypertension risk using most recent largest GWAS EUR both 0.0 0 0 0 2020 553225 Van Oort Sabine et al Van Oort Sabine et al_33131310_2020_R50 I10 diagnosis in discharge registries,Adult,Essential(primary) hypertension,weight divided by height in square metres,sensitivity,per 1 SD increase in BMI,Individual SNPs and results of FinnGen study using MR-Egger
33131310 R53 M2 ID1 33131310 1.28 1.21 1.35 0.00e+00 E1 O1 0.0 UKB study-weighted median OR Wetmedian E1_R53 E1 BMI weight divided by height in square metres Adult O1_R53 O1 hypertension I10 diagnosis of essential hypertension 463010 54358 408652 Essential(primary)hypertension N53 832 sensitivity per 1 SD increase in BMI Individual SNPs and UKB study using weighted median Association of Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Lifestyle Behaviors With Hypertension A Mendelian Randomization Study To investigate the causal associations of 18 cardiovascular risk factors and lifestyle behaviours with hypertension risk using most recent largest GWAS EUR both 0.0 0 0 0 2020 553225 Van Oort Sabine et al Van Oort Sabine et al_33131310_2020_R53 I10 diagnosis of essential hypertension,Adult,Essential(primary)hypertension,weight divided by height in square metres,sensitivity,per 1 SD increase in BMI,Individual SNPs and UKB study using weighted median
33323262 R88 M2 ID1 33323262 1.40 1.26 1.56 0.00e+00 E1 O1 0.0 OR Wetmedian E1_R88 E1 BMI weight divided by height in square metres Adult O1_R88 O1 hypertension 332382 62802 269580 N88 76 sensitivity OR per 1 SD or 4.1kg/m2 of higher BMI Genetic allele score from 76 variants A data-driven approach for studying the role of body mass in multiple diseases: a phenome-wide registry-based case-control study in the UK Biobank to use phewas to investigate possible associations of high body mass index with multiple diseases. EUR both 0.0 0 37 73 2019 337536 Elina Hypponen Elina Hypponen_33323262_2019_R88 ,Adult,,weight divided by height in square metres,sensitivity,OR per 1 SD or 4.1kg/m2 of higher BMI,Genetic allele score from 76 variants
33323262 R91 M11 ID1 33323262 1.55 1.42 1.69 0.00e+00 E1 O1 0.0 OR MR-PRESSO E1_R91 E1 BMI weight divided by height in square metres Adult O1_R91 O1 hypertension 332382 62802 269580 Hypertension N91 59 sensitivity OR per 1 SD or 4.1kg/m2 of higher BMI Genetic allele score of 59 variants A data-driven approach for studying the role of body mass in multiple diseases: a phenome-wide registry-based case-control study in the UK Biobank to use phewas to investigate possible associations of high body mass index with multiple diseases. EUR both 0.0 0 37 73 2019 337536 Elina Hypponen Elina Hypponen_33323262_2019_R91 ,Adult,Hypertension,weight divided by height in square metres,sensitivity,OR per 1 SD or 4.1kg/m2 of higher BMI,Genetic allele score of 59 variants
33323262 R89 M3 ID1 33323262 1.43 1.26 1.62 0.00e+00 E1 O1 0.0 OR Wetmode E1_R89 E1 BMI weight divided by height in square metres Adult O1_R89 O1 hypertension 332382 62802 269580 Hypertension N89 76 sensitivity OR per 1 SD or 4.1kg/m2 of higher BMI Genetic allele score of 76 variants A data-driven approach for studying the role of body mass in multiple diseases: a phenome-wide registry-based case-control study in the UK Biobank to use phewas to investigate possible associations of high body mass index with multiple diseases. EUR both 0.0 0 37 73 2019 337536 Elina Hypponen Elina Hypponen_33323262_2019_R89 ,Adult,Hypertension,weight divided by height in square metres,sensitivity,OR per 1 SD or 4.1kg/m2 of higher BMI,Genetic allele score of 76 variants
33323262 R90 M4 ID1 33323262 1.10 0.82 1.49 0.00e+00 E1 O1 0.0 OR MREgger E1_R90 E1 BMI weight divided by height in square metres Adult O1_R90 O1 hypertension 332382 62802 269580 Hypertension N90 76 sensitivity OR per 1 SD or 4.1 kg/m2 of higher BMI Genetic allele score of 76 variants A data-driven approach for studying the role of body mass in multiple diseases: a phenome-wide registry-based case-control study in the UK Biobank to use phewas to investigate possible associations of high body mass index with multiple diseases. EUR both 0.0 0 37 73 2019 337536 Elina Hypponen Elina Hypponen_33323262_2019_R90 ,Adult,Hypertension,weight divided by height in square metres,sensitivity,OR per 1 SD or 4.1 kg/m2 of higher BMI,Genetic allele score of 76 variants
33771188 R35 M3 ID1 33771188 1.23 1.13 1.34 1.48e-05 E1 O1 0.0 OR Wetmode E1_R35 E1 BMI weight divided by height in square metres Adult O1_R35 O1 hypertension 0 0 0 I10 Essential hypertension N35 76 sensitivity 1 SD increase in adult BMI is associated with 23% odds for essential hypertension Phenome-wide investigation of the causal associations between childhood BMI and adult trait outcomes: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study To determine the effect of childhood BMI on adult traits EUR both 0.0 0 0 0 2021 47541 Shan-Shan Dong et al Shan-Shan Dong et al_33771188_2021_R35 ,Adult,I10 Essential hypertension,weight divided by height in square metres,sensitivity,1 SD increase in adult BMI is associated with 23% odds for essential hypertension,
33771188 R34 M2 ID1 33771188 1.23 1.17 1.29 0.00e+00 E1 O1 0.0 OR Wetmedian E1_R34 E1 BMI weight divided by height in square metres Adult O1_R34 O1 hypertension 0 0 0 I10 Essential hypertension N34 76 sensitivity 1 SD increase in adult BMI is associated with 23% odds for essential hypertension Phenome-wide investigation of the causal associations between childhood BMI and adult trait outcomes: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study To determine the effect of childhood BMI on adult traits EUR both 0.0 0 0 0 2021 47541 Shan-Shan Dong et al Shan-Shan Dong et al_33771188_2021_R34 ,Adult,I10 Essential hypertension,weight divided by height in square metres,sensitivity,1 SD increase in adult BMI is associated with 23% odds for essential hypertension,
33771188 R39 M3 ID1 33771188 1.30 1.23 1.38 0.00e+00 E1 O1 0.0 OR Wetmode E1_R39 E1 BMI weight divided by height in square metres Adult O1_R39 O1 hypertension Vascular/heart problems diagnosed by doctor:high blood pressure 0 0 0 High blood pressure N39 76 sensitivity 1 SD increase in adult BMI is associated with 30% odds for high blood pressure vascular/herat problems diagnosed by doctor:high blood pressure Phenome-wide investigation of the causal associations between childhood BMI and adult trait outcomes: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study To determine the effect of childhood BMI on adult traits EUR both 0.0 0 0 0 2021 47541 Shan-Shan Dong et al Shan-Shan Dong et al_33771188_2021_R39 Vascular/heart problems diagnosed by doctor:high blood pressure,Adult,High blood pressure,weight divided by height in square metres,sensitivity,1 SD increase in adult BMI is associated with 30% odds for high blood pressure,vascular/herat problems diagnosed by doctor:high blood pressure
33771188 R40 M4 ID1 33771188 1.25 1.15 1.36 2.40e-06 E1 O1 0.0 OR MREgger E1_R40 E1 BMI weight divided by height in square metres Adult O1_R40 O1 hypertension Vascular/heart problems diagnosed by doctor:high blood pressure 0 0 0 High blood pressure N40 76 sensitivity 1 SD increase in adult BMI is associated with 25% odds for high blood pressure Vascular/heart problems diagnosed by doctor:high blood pressure Phenome-wide investigation of the causal associations between childhood BMI and adult trait outcomes: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study To determine the effect of childhood BMI on adult traits EUR both 0.0 0 0 0 2021 47541 Shan-Shan Dong et al Shan-Shan Dong et al_33771188_2021_R40 Vascular/heart problems diagnosed by doctor:high blood pressure,Adult,High blood pressure,weight divided by height in square metres,sensitivity,1 SD increase in adult BMI is associated with 25% odds for high blood pressure,Vascular/heart problems diagnosed by doctor:high blood pressure
33771188 R38 M2 ID1 33771188 1.30 1.24 1.35 0.00e+00 E1 O1 0.0 OR Wetmedian E1_R38 E1 BMI weight divided by height in square metres Adult O1_R38 O1 hypertension Vascular/heart problems diagnosed by doctor: high blood pressure 0 0 0 High blood pressure N38 76 sensitivity 1 SD increase in adult BMI is associated with 30% odds for high blood pressure Vascular/heart problems diagnosed by doctor: high blood pressure Phenome-wide investigation of the causal associations between childhood BMI and adult trait outcomes: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study To determine the effect of childhood BMI on adult traits EUR both 0.0 0 0 0 2021 47541 Shan-Shan Dong et al Shan-Shan Dong et al_33771188_2021_R38 Vascular/heart problems diagnosed by doctor: high blood pressure,Adult,High blood pressure,weight divided by height in square metres,sensitivity,1 SD increase in adult BMI is associated with 30% odds for high blood pressure,Vascular/heart problems diagnosed by doctor: high blood pressure
33771188 R36 M4 ID1 33771188 1.14 1.04 1.26 8.20e-03 E1 O1 0.0 OR MREgger E1_R36 E1 BMI weight divided by height in square metres Adult O1_R36 O1 hypertension 0 0 0 I10 essential hypertension N36 76 sensitivity 1 SD increase in adult BMI is associated with 14% odds for essential hypertension Phenome-wide investigation of the causal associations between childhood BMI and adult trait outcomes: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study To determine the effect of childhood BMI on adult traits EUR both 0.0 0 0 0 2021 47541 Shan-Shan Dong et al Shan-Shan Dong et al_33771188_2021_R36 ,Adult,I10 essential hypertension,weight divided by height in square metres,sensitivity,1 SD increase in adult BMI is associated with 14% odds for essential hypertension,

Beta

Systolic blood pressure

For every 1 unit increase in genetically predicted BMI, either measured directly or using other proxies of adiposity, systolic blood pressure increases by the point estimate value.

p9 <-
  mydata %>% 
  #group_by(pmid) %>% 
  filter(effectsizetype_id=="ID4" &outcomeid.x=="O2" & analysistype=="sensitivity" &exposurenotes=="Adult") %>% 
  ggplot(aes(y=reorder(UID,-year),x=effectsize,xmin=lowerinterval,xmax=upperinterval)) +
  geom_point(aes(color=no_ofIVs,shape=exposurename)) +
  geom_errorbarh(height=.2) +
  labs(title='Forest plot based on beta estimates', x='Systolic blood pressure change in mmHg', y = 'Author_PMID_Year_resultsID') +
  geom_vline(xintercept=0, color='black', linetype='dashed', alpha=.5) +
  #facet_grid( exposurename~ methodname)+
  theme_classic()
ggplotly(p9)
#write out the dataframe in a table
P9<- mydata %>% 
  #group_by(pmid) %>% 
  filter(effectsizetype_id=="ID4" &outcomeid.x=="O2" & analysistype=="sensitivity" &exposurenotes=="Adult")
grid.table(P9[,c(44,15,28,2)])#c(24,30,32,33)])

#grid.arrange(tableGrob(p2,theme = tt3))

knitr::kable(P9, format = "html")
pmid.y results_id methodid effectsizetype_id pmid.x effectsize lowerinterval upperinterval pvalue exposureid.x outcomeid.x se strata effectsizetype methodname Exposureid_resultsid exposureid.y exposurename exposuremeasured exposurenotes outcomeid_resultsid outcomeid.y outcomename outcomemeasured totalsamplesize_outcome X.cases_outcome control_outcome outcomenotes notesid no_ofIVs analysistype unitsofmeasurement notes title studyaim population sex mean_age median_age lower_age upper_age year samplesize author UID annotation
30462199 R74 M4 ID4 30462199 0.027 -0.090 0.150 0.658 E1 O2 0.062 BETA MREgger E1_R74 E1 BMI weight divided by height in square metres Adult O2_R74 O2 SBP 0 0 0 Systolic blood pressure N74 96 sensitivity Allelic score computed from 96 variants and standardisation of BMI,SBP and allelic score. Detecting and correcting for bias in Mendelian randomization analyses using Gene-by- Environment interactions To detect and correct for bias using MR Gene by Environment method analogous to two sample MR EUR both 0 0 0 0 2018 358928 Wes Spiller et al Wes Spiller et al_30462199_2018_R74 ,Adult,Systolic blood pressure,weight divided by height in square metres,sensitivity,,Allelic score computed from 96 variants and standardisation of BMI,SBP and allelic score.
30462199 R76 M2 ID4 30462199 0.147 0.080 0.210 0.032 E1 O2 0.001 BETA Wetmedian E1_R76 E1 BMI weight divided by height in square metres Adult O2_R76 O2 SBP 0 0 0 Systolic blood pressure N76 96 sensitivity Allele score computed from 96 SNPs, BMI, SBP and allelic score standardised using z-transformation. Detecting and correcting for bias in Mendelian randomization analyses using Gene-by- Environment interactions To detect and correct for bias using MR Gene by Environment method analogous to two sample MR EUR both 0 0 0 0 2018 358928 Wes Spiller et al Wes Spiller et al_30462199_2018_R76 ,Adult,Systolic blood pressure,weight divided by height in square metres,sensitivity,,Allele score computed from 96 SNPs, BMI, SBP and allelic score standardised using z-transformation.
30462199 R75 M8 ID4 30462199 -0.020 -0.320 0.280 0.325 E1 O2 0.154 BETA SIMEXcorrectedMREgger E1_R75 E1 BMI weight divided by height in square metres Adult O2_R75 O2 SBP 0 0 0 Systolic blood pressure N75 96 sensitivity Allelic score from 96 SNPs, BMI, SBP and allelic score standardisation using z-transformation. UKBiobank cohort. Detecting and correcting for bias in Mendelian randomization analyses using Gene-by- Environment interactions To detect and correct for bias using MR Gene by Environment method analogous to two sample MR EUR both 0 0 0 0 2018 358928 Wes Spiller et al Wes Spiller et al_30462199_2018_R75 ,Adult,Systolic blood pressure,weight divided by height in square metres,sensitivity,,Allelic score from 96 SNPs, BMI, SBP and allelic score standardisation using z-transformation. UKBiobank cohort.
34120448 R141 M10 ID4 34120448 0.158 0.058 0.258 0.020 E1 O2 0.0 BETA TSLS E1_R141 E1 BMI weight divided by height in square metres Adult O2_R141 O2 SBP 9041 0 0 Systolic blood pressure N141 565 sensitivity Per 1 SD SBP measured in MPP cohort at followup, GRS;UKB and GIANT Causal Effect of Adiposity Measures on Blood Pressure Traits in 2 Urban Swedish Cohorts: A Mendelian Randomization Study To investigate the effect of modifying adiposity traits on blood pressure EUR both 0 0 0 0 2021 38662 Alice Giontella Alice Giontella_34120448_2021_R141 ,Adult,Systolic blood pressure,weight divided by height in square metres,sensitivity,Per 1 SD,SBP measured in MPP cohort at followup, GRS;UKB and GIANT
34120448 R142 M10 ID4 34120448 0.048 -0.050 0.196 0.053 E2 O2 0.0 BETA TSLS E2_R142 E2 WHR waist and hip circumference ratio Adult 02_R142 O2 SBP 9041 0 0 Systolic blood pressure N142 324 sensitivity Per 1 SD SBP measured in MPP at followup, GRS;UKB and GIANT Causal Effect of Adiposity Measures on Blood Pressure Traits in 2 Urban Swedish Cohorts: A Mendelian Randomization Study To investigate the effect of modifying adiposity traits on blood pressure EUR both 0 0 0 0 2021 38662 Alice Giontella Alice Giontella_34120448_2021_R142 ,Adult,Systolic blood pressure,waist and hip circumference ratio,sensitivity,Per 1 SD,SBP measured in MPP at followup, GRS;UKB and GIANT
34120448 R143 M10 ID4 34120448 -0.161 -0.482 0.160 0.325 E1 O2 0.0 BETA TSLS E1_R143 E1 BMI weight divided by height in square metres Adult O2_R143 O2 SBP 9041 0 0 Systolic blood pressure N143 81 sensitivity Per 1 SD increase in BF percentage SBP measured in MPP at followup, GRS;UKB and GIANT Causal Effect of Adiposity Measures on Blood Pressure Traits in 2 Urban Swedish Cohorts: A Mendelian Randomization Study To investigate the effect of modifying adiposity traits on blood pressure EUR both 0 0 0 0 2021 38662 Alice Giontella Alice Giontella_34120448_2021_R143 ,Adult,Systolic blood pressure,weight divided by height in square metres,sensitivity,Per 1 SD increase in BF percentage,SBP measured in MPP at followup, GRS;UKB and GIANT
34120448 R144 M10 ID4 34120448 0.122 -0.042 0.286 0.111 E1 O2 0.0 BETA TSLS E1_R144 E1 BMI weight divided by height in square metres Adult O2_R144 O2 SBP 9041 0 0 Systolic blood pressure N144 208 sensitivity Per 1 SD SBP measured in MPP at followup, GRS;UKB and GIANT, VAT GRS on BMI Causal Effect of Adiposity Measures on Blood Pressure Traits in 2 Urban Swedish Cohorts: A Mendelian Randomization Study To investigate the effect of modifying adiposity traits on blood pressure EUR both 0 0 0 0 2021 38662 Alice Giontella Alice Giontella_34120448_2021_R144 ,Adult,Systolic blood pressure,weight divided by height in square metres,sensitivity,Per 1 SD,SBP measured in MPP at followup, GRS;UKB and GIANT, VAT GRS on BMI
35947639 R46 M9 ID4 35947639 0.034 0.000 0.000 0.009 E1 O2 0.0 BETA MRGXE E1_R46 E1 BMI weight divided by height in square metres Adult O2_R46 O2 SBP Digital blood pressure monitors 0 0 0 Systolic blood pressure N46 95 sensitivity z-transformation to standardise BMI, SBP and weighted PRS. Construct a weighted PRS using the variants from Giant consortium. MR-GENIUS Interaction-based Mendelian randomization with measured and unmeasured gene-bycovariate interactions MR GXE vs MR GENIUS to explore the effect of BMI on systolic blood pressure in UKBB EUR both 0 0 0 0 2022 358928 Wes Spiller et al Wes Spiller et al_35947639_2022_R46 Digital blood pressure monitors,Adult,Systolic blood pressure,weight divided by height in square metres,sensitivity,,z-transformation to standardise BMI, SBP and weighted PRS. Construct a weighted PRS using the variants from Giant consortium. MR-GENIUS

Diastolic blood pressure

Of these two papers, they show consistent directionality with increase in genetic predisposition to higher BMI being causal for an increase in diastolic blood pressure. Except R147 where the IVs in use are associated with body fat percentage, and the inconclusive results with R148 where the IVs are associated with waist to hip ratio.

p10 <-
  mydata %>% 
  #group_by(pmid) %>% 
  filter(effectsizetype_id=="ID4" &outcomeid.x=="O3" & analysistype=="sensitivity" &exposurenotes=="Adult") %>% 
  ggplot(aes(y=reorder(UID,-year),x=effectsize,xmin=lowerinterval,xmax=upperinterval)) +
  geom_point(aes(color=no_ofIVs,shape=methodname)) +
  geom_errorbarh(height=.2) +
  labs(title='Forest plot based on beta etsimates', x='Diastolic blood pressure change in mmHg', y = 'Author_PMID_Year_resultsID') +
  geom_vline(xintercept=0, color='black', linetype='dashed', alpha=.5) +
  #facet_grid(outcomename ~ exposurename)+
  theme_classic()
ggplotly(p10)
P10 <-
  mydata %>% 
  filter(effectsizetype_id=="ID4" &outcomeid.x=="O3" & analysistype=="sensitivity" &exposurenotes=="Adult")
grid.table(P10[,c(44,15,28,2)])

knitr::kable(P10, format = "html")
pmid.y results_id methodid effectsizetype_id pmid.x effectsize lowerinterval upperinterval pvalue exposureid.x outcomeid.x se strata effectsizetype methodname Exposureid_resultsid exposureid.y exposurename exposuremeasured exposurenotes outcomeid_resultsid outcomeid.y outcomename outcomemeasured totalsamplesize_outcome X.cases_outcome control_outcome outcomenotes notesid no_ofIVs analysistype unitsofmeasurement notes title studyaim population sex mean_age median_age lower_age upper_age year samplesize author UID annotation
19470880 R58 M10 ID4 19470880 0.179 0.068 0.290 0.002 E1 O3 0.0 BETA TSLS E1_R58 E1 BMI weight divided by height in square metres Adult O3_R58 O3 DBP Measured using automatic digital blood pressure monitor elevated DBP >90mm Hg 37010 0 0 Diastolic blood pressure N58 2 sensitivity DBP estimated increase in mm Hg for each 10% increase in BMI Log transformation of BMI to minimise skewness, used 2 SNPs(FTO and MCR4). Adjust for medication by 10mm Hg was added to DBP Does Greater Adiposity Increase Blood Pressure and Hypertension Risk? Mendelian Randomization Using the FTO/MC4R Genotype To estimate the strength of association between body mass index/adiposity with blood pressure EUR both 0 0 0 0 2009 37027 Nicholas J Timpson et al Nicholas J Timpson et al_19470880_2009_R58 Measured using automatic digital blood pressure monitor elevated DBP >90mm Hg,Adult,Diastolic blood pressure,weight divided by height in square metres,sensitivity,DBP estimated increase in mm Hg for each 10% increase in BMI,Log transformation of BMI to minimise skewness, used 2 SNPs(FTO and MCR4). Adjust for medication by 10mm Hg was added to DBP
34120448 R148 M10 ID4 34120448 0.190 0.040 0.339 0.012 E1 O3 0.0 BETA TSLS E1_R148 E1 BMI MRI scan in UKB for VAT Adult O3_R148 O3 DBP 9041 0 0 Diastolic blood pressure N148 208 sensitivity Per 1 SD DBP measured in MPP at followup, GRS;UKB, VAT GRS on BMI Causal Effect of Adiposity Measures on Blood Pressure Traits in 2 Urban Swedish Cohorts: A Mendelian Randomization Study To investigate the effect of modifying adiposity traits on blood pressure EUR both 0 0 0 0 2021 38662 Alice Giontella Alice Giontella_34120448_2021_R148 ,Adult,Diastolic blood pressure,MRI scan in UKB for VAT,sensitivity,Per 1 SD,DBP measured in MPP at followup, GRS;UKB, VAT GRS on BMI
34120448 R147 M10 ID4 34120448 -0.033 -0.343 0.277 0.834 E1 O3 0.0 BETA TSLS E1_147 E1 BMI Bioelectric impedance Adult O3_R147 O3 DBP 9041 0 0 Diastolic blood pressure N147 81 sensitivity Per 1 SD DBP measured in MPP at followup, GRS; UKB and GIANT, BF GRS on BMI Causal Effect of Adiposity Measures on Blood Pressure Traits in 2 Urban Swedish Cohorts: A Mendelian Randomization Study To investigate the effect of modifying adiposity traits on blood pressure EUR both 0 0 0 0 2021 38662 Alice Giontella Alice Giontella_34120448_2021_R147 ,Adult,Diastolic blood pressure,Bioelectric impedance,sensitivity,Per 1 SD,DBP measured in MPP at followup, GRS; UKB and GIANT, BF GRS on BMI
34120448 R146 M10 ID4 34120448 0.055 -0.098 0.208 0.477 E2 O3 0.0 BETA TSLS E2_R146 E2 BMI waist and hip circumference ratio Adult O3_R146 O3 DBP 9041 0 0 Diastolic blood pressure N146 324 sensitivity Per 1 SD DBP measured in MPP at followup, GRS;UKB and GIANT Causal Effect of Adiposity Measures on Blood Pressure Traits in 2 Urban Swedish Cohorts: A Mendelian Randomization Study To investigate the effect of modifying adiposity traits on blood pressure EUR both 0 0 0 0 2021 38662 Alice Giontella Alice Giontella_34120448_2021_R146 ,Adult,Diastolic blood pressure,waist and hip circumference ratio,sensitivity,Per 1 SD,DBP measured in MPP at followup, GRS;UKB and GIANT
34120448 R145 M10 ID4 34120448 0.172 0.072 0.272 0.001 E1 O3 0.0 BETA TSLS E1_R145 E1 BMI weight divided by height in square metres Adult O3_R145 O3 DBP 9041 0 0 Diastolic blood pressure N145 565 sensitivity Per 1 SD DBP measured in MPP cohort follow up, GRS;UKB and GIANT Causal Effect of Adiposity Measures on Blood Pressure Traits in 2 Urban Swedish Cohorts: A Mendelian Randomization Study To investigate the effect of modifying adiposity traits on blood pressure EUR both 0 0 0 0 2021 38662 Alice Giontella Alice Giontella_34120448_2021_R145 ,Adult,Diastolic blood pressure,weight divided by height in square metres,sensitivity,Per 1 SD,DBP measured in MPP cohort follow up, GRS;UKB and GIANT